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1 they\ are\ much\ the\ same\ age
nagyjából egyidősek, körülbelül egyidősekEnglish-Hungarian dictionary > they\ are\ much\ the\ same\ age
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2 much
1. adjective,1) viel; groß [Erleichterung, Sorge, Dankbarkeit]he never eats much breakfast/lunch — er isst nicht viel zum Frühstück/zu Mittag
2)2. noun;be a bit much — (coll.) ein bisschen zu viel sein; (fig.) ein bisschen zu weit gehen
see also academic.ru/47990/more">more 2.; most 2.; vielesthat doesn't come or amount to much — es kommt nicht viel dabei heraus
he/this beer isn't up to much — (coll.) mit ihm/diesem Bier ist nicht viel los (ugs.)
spend much of the day/week doing something — den Großteil des Tages/der Woche damit verbringen, etwas zu tun
they have done much to improve the situation — sie haben viel für die Verbesserung der Situation getan
not be much of a cinema-goer — etc. (coll.) kein großer Kinogänger usw. sein (ugs.)
I expected/thought as much — das habe ich erwartet/mir gedacht
you are as much to blame as he is — du bist ebenso sehr schuld wie er
3. adverb,without so much as saying goodbye — ohne auch nur auf Wiedersehen zu sagen
more, most1) modifying comparatives viel [besser]much more lively/happy/attractive — viel lebhafter/glücklicher/ attraktiver
2) modifying superlatives mit Abstand [der/die/das beste, schlechteste, klügste usw.]3) modifying passive participles and predicative adjectives sehrhe is much improved — (in health) es geht ihm viel besser
4) modifying verbs (greatly) sehr [lieben, mögen, genießen]; (often) oft [sehen, treffen, besuchen]; (frequently) vielI don't much like him or like him much — ich mag ihn nicht besonders
not go much on somebody/something — (coll.) nicht viel von jemandem/etwas halten
it doesn't matter much — es ist nicht so wichtig
much to my surprise/annoyance, I found that... — zu meiner großen Überraschung/Verärgerung stellte ich fest, dass...
5) (approximately) fast[pretty or very] much the same — fast [genau] der-/die-/dasselbe
6)much as I should like to go — so gern ich auch gehen würde
* * *comparative of; see more* * *[mʌtʃ]I. adj<more, most>+ sing vielthere wasn't \much post es kam nicht viel Posthow \much...? wie viel...?how \much time have we got? wie viel Zeit bleibt uns?half/twice as \much halb/doppelt so vielnot/so \much nicht/so viel[\much] too \much [viel] zu viela bit too \much etwas [o ein bisschen] [zu] vielII. pron1. (relative amount) vielthis \much is certain so viel [o eines] ist sicherI don't know \much about fishing ich hab nicht viel Ahnung vom Angelnhe left without so \much as an apology er ging ohne auch nur ein Wort der Entschuldigunghalf/twice as \much halb/doppelt so vieltoo \much zu viel2. (great deal) viel\much of what you say is right vieles von dem, was Sie sagen, ist richtigyou didn't miss \much Sie haben nicht viel verpasstwell, I guess our picnic won't come to \much ich glaube, aus unserem Picknick wird nichts werdenmy new stereo isn't up to \much meine neue Anlage taugt nicht viel famI'm not up to \much really (not much planned) ich hab nicht viel vor; (not fit for much) mit mir ist nicht viel los famI've never been \much of a dancer ich habe noch nie gut tanzen könnenshe's not \much of a believer in horoscopes sie glaubt nicht wirklich an Horoskopehe's not \much to look at er sieht nicht gerade umwerfend aus4. (larger part)\much of the day der Großteil des Tages\much of sb's time ein Großteil von jds Zeit5. (be redundant)so \much for... das war's dann wohl mit...the car's broken down again — so \much for the trip to the seaside das Auto ist schon wieder kaputt — das war's dann wohl mit unserem Ausflug ans Meerhow \much is it? was kostet das?III. adv<more, most>1. (greatly) sehrwe would very \much like to come wir würden sehr gerne kommenshe would \much rather have her baby at home than in the hospital sie würde ihr Kind viel lieber zu Hause als im Krankenhaus zur Welt bringenI've been feeling \much healthier lately ich fühle mich in letzter Zeit viel besser\much to our surprise zu unserer großen Überraschung2. (by far) bei Weitemshe's \much the best person for the job sie ist bei Weitem die Beste für den Job3. (nearly) fastthings around here are \much as always hier ist alles beim Altenas \much as so gut wiehe as \much as admitted that... er hat so gut wie zugegeben, dass...\much the same fast soI am feeling \much the same as yesterday ich fühle mich ungefähr genauso wie gestern4. (specifying degree)as \much as so viel wieI like him as \much as you do ich mag ihn genauso sehr wie duthey fought with each other as \much as ever sie stritten sich wie eh und jeso \much so [sehr]it hurts so \much to see him like that es tut so weh, ihn so zu sehenI wanted so \much to meet you ich wollte dich unbedingt treffenvery \much sehrthank you very \much herzlichen Dankthat's very \much the done thing around here das ist hier so üblich5. (exactly that) genau dasI had expected as \much so etwas hatte ich schon erwartetit was as \much as I could do to get out of bed ich konnte gerade noch aufstehen6. (often) häufigwe don't go out \much wir gehen nicht viel [o oft] wegdo you see \much of her? siehst du sie öfters?7. (setting up a contrast)they're not so \much lovers as friends sie sind eher Freunde als ein Liebespaar\much as I like you,... so gern ich dich auch mag,...\much as I would like to help you,... so gerne ich euch auch helfen würde,...he can barely boil an egg, \much less cook a proper dinner er kann kaum ein Ei kochen, geschweige denn eine richtige Mahlzeithowever \much you dislike her... wie unsympathisch sie dir auch sein mag,...* * *[mʌtʃ]1. adj, nmuch of this is true — viel or vieles daran ist wahr
we don't see much of each other — wir sehen uns nicht oft or nur selten
he's/it's not up to much (inf) — er/es ist nicht gerade berühmt (inf)
I'm not much of a musician/cook/player — ich bin nicht sehr musikalisch/keine große Köchin/kein (besonders) guter Spieler
that wasn't much of a dinner/party — das Essen/die Party war nicht gerade besonders
I find that a bit (too) much after all I've done for him — nach allem was ich für ihn getan habe, finde ich das ein ziemlich starkes Stück (inf)
2)that insult was too much for me —
the sight of her face was too much for me ( inf = outrageous ) —, = outrageous ) ihr Gesicht war zum Schreien (inf)
these children are/this job is too much for me — ich bin den Kindern/der Arbeit nicht gewachsen
far too much, too much by half — viel zu viel
3)about/not as much —
as much as you want/can etc — so viel du willst/kannst etc
as much as possible —
they hope to raise as much as £2m — sie hoffen, nicht weniger als zwei Millionen Pfund aufzubringen
I feared/thought etc as much — (genau) das habe ich befürchtet/mir gedacht etc
as much as to say... — was so viel heißt or bedeutet wie...
4)it's not so much a problem of modernization as... —
See:→ also so5)to make much of sb/sth — viel Wind um jdn/etw machen
Glasgow makes much of its large number of parks — Glasgow rühmt sich seiner vielen Parks
I couldn't make much of that chapter — mit dem Kapitel konnte ich nicht viel anfangen (inf)
2. adv1) (with adj, adv) viel; (with vb) sehr; (with vb of physical action) drive, sleep, think, talk, laugh etc viel; come, visit, go out etc oft, viel (inf)a much-admired/-married woman —
he was much dismayed/embarrassed etc — er war sehr bestürzt/verlegen etc
so much — so viel; so sehr
too much — zu viel, zu sehr
I like it very/so much — es gefällt mir sehr gut/so gut or so sehr
I don't like him/it too much — ich kann ihn/es nicht besonders leiden
thank you ( ever) so much — vielen herzlichen Dank
however much he tries —
there wasn't enough water to drink, much less wash in — es gab nicht genug Wasser zu trinken, ganz zu schweigen, um sich damit zu waschen
See:→ also so2) (= by far) weitaus, bei Weitemmuch the biggest — weitaus or bei Weitem der/die/das größte
3) (= almost) beinahethey are much of an age or much the same age —
they're ( fairly) much the same size — sie sind beinahe or so ziemlich gleich groß
* * *A adj viel:I haven’t got much money on me;it wasn’t much fun es war kein sonderliches Vergnügen;he’s too much for me umg ich werde nicht mit ihm fertig;get too much for sb jemandem über den Kopf wachsen (Arbeit etc)B s Menge f, große Sache:nothing much nichts Besonderes;it did not come to much es kam nicht viel dabei heraus;think much of viel halten von, eine hohe Meinung haben von, große Stücke halten auf (akk);I don’t think much of him as a teacher ich halte nicht viel von ihm als Lehrer;he is not much of a dancer er ist kein großer oder berühmter Tänzer;I’m not much of a drinker ich mach mir nicht viel aus Alkohol;he’s not much of a husband er ist kein besonders guter Ehemann;he’s not much of a scholar mit seiner Bildung ist es nicht weit her;it is much of him even to come schon allein, dass er kommt, will viel heißen;C adv1. sehr:we much regret wir bedauern sehr;much to my regret sehr zu meinem Bedauern;much to my surprise zu meiner großen Überraschung;it’s not much good umga) es ist nicht besonders gut,b) es schmeckt nicht besonders2. (in Zusammensetzungen) viel:much-decorated MIL hochdekoriert;a) weit oder viel gereist, weit herumgekommen,b) viel befahren;much-vaunted viel gerühmt3. (vor komp) viel, weit, erheblich:much stronger viel stärker4. (vor sup) bei Weitem, weitaus:5. fast, annähernd, ziemlich (genau), mehr od weniger:he did it in much the same way er tat es auf ungefähr die gleiche Weise;a) so viel,b) so sehr,c) ungefähr, etwa as much as so viel wie;(as) much as I would like so gern ich auch möchte;he said as much das war (ungefähr) der Sinn seiner Worte;this is as much as to say das soll so viel heißen wie, das heißt mit anderen Worten;he made a gesture as much as to say so, als ob er sagen wollte;I thought as much das habe ich mir gedacht;he, as much as any er so gut wie irgendeiner;a) so sehr,b) so viel,so much for today so viel für heute;so much for our plans so viel (wäre also) zu unseren Plänen (zu sagen);not so much as nicht einmal;without so much as to move ohne sich auch nur zu bewegen;so much so (und zwar) so sehr;a) viel weniger,much like a child ganz wie ein Kind* * *1. adjective,1) viel; groß [Erleichterung, Sorge, Dankbarkeit]he never eats much breakfast/lunch — er isst nicht viel zum Frühstück/zu Mittag
2)2. noun;be a bit much — (coll.) ein bisschen zu viel sein; (fig.) ein bisschen zu weit gehen
that doesn't come or amount to much — es kommt nicht viel dabei heraus
he/this beer isn't up to much — (coll.) mit ihm/diesem Bier ist nicht viel los (ugs.)
spend much of the day/week doing something — den Großteil des Tages/der Woche damit verbringen, etwas zu tun
they have done much to improve the situation — sie haben viel für die Verbesserung der Situation getan
not be much of a cinema-goer — etc. (coll.) kein großer Kinogänger usw. sein (ugs.)
3. adverb,I expected/thought as much — das habe ich erwartet/mir gedacht
more, most1) modifying comparatives viel [besser]much more lively/happy/attractive — viel lebhafter/glücklicher/ attraktiver
2) modifying superlatives mit Abstand [der/die/das beste, schlechteste, klügste usw.]3) modifying passive participles and predicative adjectives sehrhe is much improved — (in health) es geht ihm viel besser
4) modifying verbs (greatly) sehr [lieben, mögen, genießen]; (often) oft [sehen, treffen, besuchen]; (frequently) vielI don't much like him or like him much — ich mag ihn nicht besonders
not go much on somebody/something — (coll.) nicht viel von jemandem/etwas halten
much to my surprise/annoyance, I found that... — zu meiner großen Überraschung/Verärgerung stellte ich fest, dass...
5) (approximately) fast[pretty or very] much the same — fast [genau] der-/die-/dasselbe
6)much as or though — (although) sosehr... auch
* * *adj.viel adj. n.sehr adv.viel adj. -
3 much
comparative of; see moremuch adj pron muchodid it rain much? ¿llovió mucho?Se emplea sobre todo en las frases negativas e interrogativas, en las frases afirmativas se emplea a lottr[mʌʧ]1 mucho,-a■ why is there so much traffic? ¿por qué hay tanto tráfico?■ how much money have you got? ¿cuánto dinero tienes?1 mucho■ how much is it? ¿cuánto vale?■ we don't see much of each other nos vemos poco, no nos vemos muy a menudo1 mucho\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLa bit much un poco demasiado, un poco excesivo,-ait is as much as somebody can do to... apenas..., a duras penas...much as (although) por mucho que + subjto be much the same ser más o menos igual, ser más o menos igualesnot to be much of a... no ser muy buen,-na...■ he's not much of a singer no es muy buen cantante, no canta muy biennot to be much good at something no ser muy bueno,-a en algothat's not saying much eso no significa gran cosa, eso no es mucho decirto make much of something dar mucha importancia a algoto not be up to much no valer gran cosawithout so much as sin siquieraI'm much happier: estoy mucho más contentashe talks as much as I do: habla tanto como yoit has much validity: tiene mucha valideztoo much time: demasiado tiempomuch pron: mucho, -chaI don't need much: no necesito muchoadj.• asaz adj.• mucho, -a adj.adv.• casi adv.• con mucho adv.• mucho adv.• muy adv.• más o menos adv.n.• mucho s.m.pron.• mucho pron.
I mʌtʃadjective mucho, -cha$2 too much — 2 dólares de más
without much effort — sin mucho or sin demasiado esfuerzo
too much coffee/water — demasiado café/demasiada agua
how much coffee/milk? — ¿cuánto café/cuánta leche?
II
pronoun mucho, -chawhat do you think of the new boss? - not much — (colloq) ¿qué te parece el nuevo jefe? - no gran cosa (fam)
do you see much of the Smiths? — ¿ves mucho a los Smith?, ¿ves a menudo a los Smith?
she won, though not by much o (BrE also) though there wasn't much in it — ganó, pero por poco
how much does it cost? — ¿cuánto cuesta?
much of the day — gran parte or la mayor parte del día
I thought/suspected as much — (ya) me lo figuraba
if you so much as touch him, I'll kill you! — como le llegues a poner la mano encima, te mato
so much for true love! — pues si eso es amor...! (iró)
it's a bit much! — ya es demasiado!, es pasarse un poco! (fam)
III
1)a) ( to large extent) muchoit is snowing, but not much — está nevando, pero poco or no mucho
b) ( often) muchoshe doesn't get out as much as she used to — no sale tanto como antes or como solía
2) (before adj, adv) muchothis church is much the larger of the two — de las dos iglesias ésta es, con mucho, la más grande
3) (more or less, approximately)[mʌtʃ]1.ADJ muchothere isn't much time — no tenemos mucho tiempo, tenemos poco tiempo
•
I haven't got as much energy as you — no tengo tanta energía como tú•
how much sugar do you want? — ¿cuánto azúcar quieres?•
so much tea — tanto té•
very much — muchowe haven't very much time — no tenemos mucho tiempo, tenemos poco tiempo
•
without much money — sin mucho dinero2. ADV1) (=a lot) mucho; (before pp) muyit doesn't much matter, it doesn't matter much — no importa mucho
I much regret that... — siento mucho que...
he's much richer than I am or than me — es mucho más rico que yo
•
much as I would like to go — a pesar de que me gustaría mucho ir, aunque me gustaría mucho irmuch as I like him — aunque or a pesar de que me gusta mucho
much as he hated the idea... — a pesar de lo que odiaba la idea...
much as I respect her ideas, I still think she's wrong — a pesar de que respeto mucho sus ideas or aunque respeto mucho sus ideas, creo que está equivocada
•
however much he tries — por mucho que se esfuerce•
I hardly know her, much less her mother — apenas la conozco, y mucho menos a su madre•
not much — no mucho•
thank you (ever) so much — muchísimas gracias, muy agradecido•
much though I like him — por mucho que él me gustemuch though he hated the idea, he knew that... — a pesar de lo que odiaba la idea, sabía que...
he had reservations about the scheme, much though he valued Alison's opinions — tenía sus dudas respecto al plan, a pesar de que valoraba mucho las opiniones de Alison
•
much to my astonishment — para gran sorpresa mía•
he talks too much — habla demasiado•
very much — mucho2) (=by far) con mucho3) (=more or less) más o menos, casi3.PRON muchobut much remains to be done — pero queda mucho que or por hacer
•
you've got as much as she has — tienes tanto como ellait can cost as much as $2,000 — puede llegar a costar 2.000 dólares
•
that's a bit much! * — ¡eso es demasiado!•
there isn't much in it — (between alternatives) no hay mucha diferencia, no va mucho de uno a otro•
how much is it a kilo? — ¿cuánto vale el kilo?how much does it cost? — ¿cuánto cuesta?
she won but there wasn't much in it — ganó, pero no por mucho
•
she's not much to look at — físicamente no vale mucho•
to make much of sth — dar mucha importancia a algo•
much of this is true — gran parte de esto es verdadI'm not much of a musician — sé muy poco de música, entiendo poco de música
•
we spent so much — gastamos tanto•
that's too much — eso es demasiado* * *
I [mʌtʃ]adjective mucho, -cha$2 too much — 2 dólares de más
without much effort — sin mucho or sin demasiado esfuerzo
too much coffee/water — demasiado café/demasiada agua
how much coffee/milk? — ¿cuánto café/cuánta leche?
II
pronoun mucho, -chawhat do you think of the new boss? - not much — (colloq) ¿qué te parece el nuevo jefe? - no gran cosa (fam)
do you see much of the Smiths? — ¿ves mucho a los Smith?, ¿ves a menudo a los Smith?
she won, though not by much o (BrE also) though there wasn't much in it — ganó, pero por poco
how much does it cost? — ¿cuánto cuesta?
much of the day — gran parte or la mayor parte del día
I thought/suspected as much — (ya) me lo figuraba
if you so much as touch him, I'll kill you! — como le llegues a poner la mano encima, te mato
so much for true love! — pues si eso es amor...! (iró)
it's a bit much! — ya es demasiado!, es pasarse un poco! (fam)
III
1)a) ( to large extent) muchoit is snowing, but not much — está nevando, pero poco or no mucho
b) ( often) muchoshe doesn't get out as much as she used to — no sale tanto como antes or como solía
2) (before adj, adv) muchothis church is much the larger of the two — de las dos iglesias ésta es, con mucho, la más grande
3) (more or less, approximately) -
4 same
seim
1. adjective1) (alike; very similar: The houses in this road are all the same; You have the same eyes as your brother (has).) parecido; mismo; igual2) (not different: My friend and I are the same age; He went to the same school as me.) mismo3) (unchanged: My opinion is the same as it always was.) mismo, igual
2. pronoun((usually with the) the same thing: He sat down and we all did the same.) lo mismo
3. adverb((usually with the) in the same way: I don't feel the same about you as I did.) del mismo modo, de la misma manera- at the same time
- be all the same to
- same here
- same-sex marriage
same1 adj mismoat the same time a la vez / al mismo tiemposame2 adv igual / de la misma manerasame3 pron igualthe same to you! ¡igualmente!tr[seɪm]1 (not different) mismo,-a2 (alike) mismo,-a, igual, idéntico,-a■ you men are all the same! ¡los hombres sois todos iguales!1 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL (previously mentioned thing) el mismo, la misma■ estimate for repairing door and varnishing of same presupuesto para reparar la puerta y barnizar la misma1 the same lo mismo1 the same (same person) el mismo, la misma■ are you Phil Rogers? - The same! ¿es usted Phil Rogers? - ¡El mismo!■ the very same el mismísimo, la mismísima1 igual, del mismo modo\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLall the same a pesar de todoin the same breath inmediatamente despuésit's all the same to me me da igual, me da lo mismojust the same a pesar de todoon the same wavelength en la misma ondaone and the same el mismo, la misma, lo mismosame difference es igualsame here yo tambiénthanks all the same gracias de todas manerasthe same again, please lo mismo de antes, por favor, otro por favorthe same as igual que, comothe same old story la misma historia de siemprethe same to you! ¡igualmente!to amount the same thing venir a ser lo mismoto be in the same boat estar en el mismo barco, estar en la misma situaciónto be of the same mind opinar lo mismosame ['seɪm] adj: mismo, igualthe results are the same: los resultados son igualeshe said the same thing as you: dijo lo mismo que túsame pron: mismoit's all the same to me: me da lo mismothe same to you!: ¡igualmente!adj.• idéntico, -a adj.• igual adj.• mero, -a adj.• mismo, -a adj.• propio, -a adj.adj.indef.• mismo adj.indef.n.• mismo s.m.pron.• mismo pron.
I seɪmadjective (before n) mismo, mismayou men are all the same — todos los hombres son or (Esp) sois iguales
the same AS something: we're in the same position as before/as you estamos igual que antes/en tu misma situación; that dress is the same as mine ese vestido es igual al mío; the same thing happened to me a mí me pasó lo mismo; same time, same place a la misma hora en el mismo sitio; I'm glad you see things the same way (as) I do me alegro de que veas las cosas como yo; they are one and the same (person/thing) son la mismísima persona/cosa; on that very same day — ese mismísimo día
II
a)I've had enough - same here! — (colloq) ya estoy harto - ya somos dos (fam)
have a nice vacation!- same to you! — felices vacaciones! - igualmente! or lo mismo digo!
b)all the same, just the same — igual; (as linker) de todas formas or maneras, así y todo, sin embargo, no obstante (frml)
it's all the same to me/you/them — me/te/les da lo mismo, me/te/les da igual
III
they're written differently but pronounced the same — se escriben distinto, pero se pronuncian igual
[seɪm]how do you feel? - about the same — ¿qué tal estás? - más o menos igual
1.ADJ mismo•
we sat at the same table as usual — nos sentamos en la (misma) mesa de siempretheir house is almost the same as ours — su casa es casi igual a or que la nuestra
"how's Derek?" - "same as usual/ever" — -¿qué tal está Derek? -como siempre
same day delivery — entrega f en el mismo día
•
they are much the same — son más o menos iguales•
they ask the same old questions — siempre hacen las mismas preguntas, hacen las mismas preguntas de siempre•
the very same day/person — justo ese mismo día/esa misma personado you still feel the same way about me? — ¿aún sientes lo mismo por mí?
do you still feel the same way about it? — ¿sigues pensando lo mismo?, ¿lo sigues viendo de la misma forma?
boat 1., breath 1., 1), language 1., 1), mind 1., 6), story I, 1., 1), tar 2., token 1., wavelengthto go the same way as sth/sb — (fig) pej seguir el mismo camino que algo/algn
2. PRON1)I'd do the same again — volvería a hacer lo mismo, haría lo mismo otra vez
the same again! — (in bar etc) ¡otra de lo mismo!
no, but thanks all the same — no, pero de todas formas, gracias
•
I want the best for him, the same as you — quiero lo mejor para él, igual que tú•
the same goes for you — eso también va por ti•
same here! * — ¡yo también!•
one and the same — el mismo/la misma•
(and the) same to you! * — (returning insult) ¡lo mismo digo!; (returning good wishes) ¡igualmente!•
"Mr. Smith?" - "the very same!" — -¿el Sr. Smith? -¡el mismo!2) (Comm)* * *
I [seɪm]adjective (before n) mismo, mismayou men are all the same — todos los hombres son or (Esp) sois iguales
the same AS something: we're in the same position as before/as you estamos igual que antes/en tu misma situación; that dress is the same as mine ese vestido es igual al mío; the same thing happened to me a mí me pasó lo mismo; same time, same place a la misma hora en el mismo sitio; I'm glad you see things the same way (as) I do me alegro de que veas las cosas como yo; they are one and the same (person/thing) son la mismísima persona/cosa; on that very same day — ese mismísimo día
II
a)I've had enough - same here! — (colloq) ya estoy harto - ya somos dos (fam)
have a nice vacation!- same to you! — felices vacaciones! - igualmente! or lo mismo digo!
b)all the same, just the same — igual; (as linker) de todas formas or maneras, así y todo, sin embargo, no obstante (frml)
it's all the same to me/you/them — me/te/les da lo mismo, me/te/les da igual
III
they're written differently but pronounced the same — se escriben distinto, pero se pronuncian igual
how do you feel? - about the same — ¿qué tal estás? - más o menos igual
-
5 be
'bi: ɡi:( abbreviation) (Bachelor of Engineering; first degree in Engineering.) licenciatura en Ingenieríabe vb1. serwhat time is it? It's 3 o'clock ¿qué hora es? Son las treswho is it? It's me ¿quién es? Soy yo2. estarhow are you? I'm fine ¿cómo estás? estoy bienwhere is Pauline? ¿dónde está Pauline?how far is it? ¿a qué distancia está?what day is it today? ¿qué día es hoy? / ¿a qué día estamos?3. tenerhow old are you? I'm 16 ¿cuántos años tienes? tengo 16 años4. costar / valer / serhow much is it? ¿cuánto cuesta? / ¿cuánto vale? / ¿cuánto es?the tickets are £15 each las entradas valen 15 libras cada una5. hacer6. haberhow many children are there? ¿cuántos niños hay?Se usa también para construir el tiempo verbal llamado present continuous que indica una acción que está pasando en estos momentoswhat are you doing? ¿qué estás haciendo? / ¿qué haces?look, it's snowing mira, está nevando
be sustantivo femenino: name of the letter b, often called be largaor grande to distinguish it from v 'be' also found in these entries: Spanish: A - abasto - abate - abismo - abotargarse - abreviar - abrirse - absoluta - absoluto - abultar - abundar - aburrir - aburrirse - acabose - acariciar - acaso - acertar - achantarse - acometer - acostada - acostado - acostumbrar - acostumbrada - acostumbrado - acreditar - activa - activo - adelantar - adelantarse - adentro - adivinarse - admirarse - adolecer - aferrarse - afianzarse - aficionada - aficionado - afligirse - agonizar - agotarse - agradecer - agua - ahogarse - ahora - aire - ajo - ala - alarmarse - alcanzar - alegrarse English: aback - abate - about - absent - accordance - account for - accountable - accustom - acquaint - action - addicted - address - adequate - adjust - admit - affiliated - afford - afraid - agenda - agree - agreement - ahead - air - airsick - alert - alive - alone - along - aloof - alphabetically - always - am - ambition - amenable - amusing - anathema - annoyance - anomaly - anxious - apologetic - appal - appall - are - arm - around - arrears - as - ashamed - aspire - assertbetr[biː]intransitive verb (pres 1ª pers am, 2ª pers sing y todas del pl are, 3ª pers sing is; pt 1ª y 3ª pers sing was, 2ª pers sing y todas del pl; pp been)2 (essential quality) ser3 (nationality) ser4 (occupation) ser5 (origin) ser6 (ownership) ser7 (authorship) ser8 (composition) ser9 (use) ser10 (location) estar11 (temporary state) estar■ how are you? ¿cómo estás?12 (age) tener13 (price) costar, valer■ a single ticket is £9.50 un billete de ida cuesta £9.5014 tener■ he's hot/cold tiene calor/frío■ we're hungry/thirsty tenemos hambre/sed1 (passive) ser■ she was arrested at the border fue detenida en la frontera, la detuvieron en la frontera■ he's hated by everybody es odiado por todos, todos lo odian■ he was discharged fue dado de alta, lo dieron de alta■ the house has been sold la casa ha sido vendida, la casa se ha vendido, han vendido la casa■ thirty children were injured treinta niños fueron heridos, treinta niños resultaron heridos■ the two areas of the town are divided by a wall las dos zonas de la ciudad están divididas por un muro1 (obligation) deber, tener que1 (future)phrase there is / there are1 hay■ is there much traffic ¿hay mucho tráfico?1 había■ were there many people? ¿había mucha gente?1 habrá1 habría■ if Mike came, there would be ten of us si viniera Mike, seríamos diez\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be about to «+ inf» estar para + inf, estar a punto de + infto be or not to be ser o no serbe ['bi:] v, was ['wəz, 'wɑz] ; were ['wər] ; been ['bɪn] ; being ; am ['æm] ; is ['ɪz] ; are ['ɑr] viJosé is a doctor: José es doctorI'm Ana's sister: soy la hermana de Anathe tree is tall: el árbol es altoyou're silly!: ¡eres tonto!she's from Managua: es de Managuait's mine: es míomy mother is at home: mi madre está en casathe cups are on the table: las tazas están en la mesato be or not to be: ser, o no serI think, therefore I am: pienso, luego existohow are you?: ¿cómo estás?I'm cold: tengo fríoshe's 10 years old: tiene 10 añosthey're both sick: están enfermos los dosbe v impersit's eight o'clock: son las ochoit's Friday: hoy es viernesit's sunny: hace solit's very dark outside: está bien oscuro afuerabe v auxwhat are you doing? -I'm working: ¿qué haces? -estoy trabajandoit was finished yesterday: fue acabado ayer, se acabó ayerit was cooked in the oven: se cocinó en el hornocan she be trusted?: ¿se puede confiar en ella?you are to stay here: debes quedarte aquíhe was to come yesterday: se esperaba que viniese ayerbev.(§ p.,p.p.: was, were, been) = estar v.(§pres: estoy, estás...) pret: estuv-•)• ser v.(§pres: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son) subj: se-imp: er-fu-•)biːˌ weak form bi
1.
2)a) (followed by an adjective)she's French/intelligent — es francesa/inteligente
he's worried/furious — está preocupado/furioso
he's blind — es or (Esp tb) está ciego
have you never had gazpacho? it's delicious! — ¿nunca has comido gazpacho? es delicioso!
the gazpacho is delicious, did you make it yourself? — el gazpacho está delicioso ¿lo hiciste tú?
she was very rude to me — estuvo or fue muy grosera conmigo
Tony is married/divorced/single — Tony está or (esp AmL) es casado/divorciado/soltero
to be married to somebody — estar* casado con alguien
3)a) (followed by a noun) ser*who was Prime Minister at the time? — ¿quién era Primer Ministro en ese momento?
it's me/Daniel — soy yo/es Daniel
if I were you, I'd stay — yo que tú or yo en tu lugar me quedaría
b) ( play the role of) hacer* de4)how are you? — ¿cómo estás?
I'm much better — estoy or me encuentro mucho mejor
she's pregnant/tired — está embarazada/cansada
I'm cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/sleepy — tengo frío/calor/hambre/sed/sueño
b) ( talking about age) tener*how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?
he's a lot older/younger — es mucho mayor/menor
c) (giving cost, measurement, weight)how much is that? - that'll be $15, please — ¿cuánto es? - (son) 15 dólares, por favor
they are $15 each — cuestan or valen 15 dólares cada una
how tall/heavy is he? — ¿cuánto mide/pesa?
5)a) (exist, live)I think, therefore I am — pienso, luego existo
to let something/somebody be — dejar tranquilo or en paz algo/a alguien
b) ( in expressions of time)don't be too long — no tardes mucho, no (te) demores mucho (esp AmL)
I'm drying my hair, I won't be long — me estoy secando el pelo, enseguida estoy
how long will dinner be? — ¿cuánto falta para la cena?
c) ( take place) ser*6) (be situated, present) estar*where is the library? — ¿dónde está or queda la biblioteca?
where are you? — ¿dónde estás?
what's in that box? — ¿qué hay en esa caja?
who's in the movie? — ¿quién actúa or trabaja en la película?
how long are you in Chicago (for)? — (colloq) ¿cuánto (tiempo) te vas a quedar en Chicago ?
7) (only in perfect tenses) ( visit) estar*have you been to the exhibition yet? — ¿ya has estado en or has ido a la exposición?
2.
v impers1)a) (talking about physical conditions, circumstances)it's sunny/cold/hot — hace sol/frío/calor
it's so noisy/quiet in here! — qué ruido/silencio hay aquí!
I have enough problems as it is, without you... — yo ya tengo suficientes problemas sin que tú encima...
b) ( in expressions of time) ser*hi, Joe, it's been a long time — qué tal, Joe, tanto tiempo (sin verte)
c) ( talking about distance) estar*it's 500 miles from here to Detroit — Detroit queda or está a 500 millas de aquí
2)a) (introducing person, object) ser*it was me who told them — fui yo quien se lo dije or dijo, fui yo el que se lo dije or dijo
b) (in conditional use) ser*if it hadn't been o had it not been for Juan, we would have been killed — si no hubiera sido por Juan or de no ser por Juan, nos habríamos matado
3.
v aux1) to be -inga) ( used to describe action in progress) estar* + gerwhat was I saying? — ¿qué estaba diciendo?
she was leaving when... — se iba cuando...
how long have you been waiting? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace que esperas?, ¿cuánto (tiempo) llevas esperando?
b) ( with future reference)he is o will be arriving tomorrow — llega mañana
when are you seeing her? — ¿cuándo la vas a ver or la verás?
2) (in the passive voice) ser* [The passive voice, however, is less common in Spanish than it is in English]it was built in 1903 — fue construido en 1903, se construyó en 1903, lo construyeron en 1903
she was told that... — le dijeron or se le dijo que...
it is known that... — se sabe que...
3) to be to + infa) ( with future reference)if a solution is to be found... — si se quiere encontrar or si se ha de encontrar una solución...
b) ( expressing possibility)what are we to do? — ¿qué podemos hacer?
c) ( expressing obligation) deber* + inf, tener* que + inf, haber* de + inftell her she's to stay here — dile que debe quedarse or tiene que quedarse aquí, dile que se quede aquí
am I to understand that... ? — ¿debo entender que... ?
4) ( in hypotheses)what would happen if she were o was to die? — ¿qué pasaría si ella muriera?
5)she's right, isn't she? — tiene razón, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?
so that's what you think, is it? — de manera que eso es lo que piensas
are you disappointed? - yes, I am/no, I'm not — ¿estás desilusionado? - sí (, lo estoy)/no (, no lo estoy)
she was told the news, and so was he/but I wasn't — a ella le dieron la noticia, y también a él/pero a mí no
[biː] (present am, is or are pt was or were pp been)I'm surprised, are/aren't you? — estoy sorprendido, ¿y tú?/¿tú no?
1. INTRANSITIVE VERB1) (linking nouns, noun phrases, pronouns) serit's me! — ¡soy yo!
who wants to be Hamlet? — ¿quién quiere hacer de or ser Hamlet?
if I were you... — yo en tu lugar..., yo que tú... *
2) (possession) serUse [estar] with past participles used as adjectives describing the results of an action or process:it's round/enormous — es redondo/enorme
4) (changeable or temporary state) estarshe's bored/ill — está aburrida/enferma
how are you? — ¿cómo estás?, ¿qué tal estás?
how are you now? — ¿qué tal te encuentras ahora?
In certain expressions where English uses [be] + adjective to describe feelings ([be cold]/[hot]/[hungry]/[thirsty]), Spanish uses [tener] with a noun:I'm very well, thanks — estoy muy bien, gracias
I'm cold/hot — tengo frío/calor
I'm hungry/thirsty — tengo hambre/sed
afraid, sleepy, rightbe good! — ¡pórtate bien!
5) (age)"how old is she?" - "she's nine" — -¿cuántos años tiene? -tiene nueve años
6) (=take place) ser7) (=be situated) estarit's on the table — está sobre or en la mesa
where is the Town Hall? — ¿dónde está or queda el ayuntamiento?
it's 5 km to the village — el pueblo está or queda a 5 kilómetros
we've been here for ages — hace mucho tiempo que estamos aquí, llevamos aquí mucho tiempo, estamos aquí desde hace mucho tiempo
•
here you are(, take it) — aquí tienes(, tómalo)•
there's the church — ahí está la iglesiaa) (referring to weather) hacerit's hot/cold — hace calor/frío
b) (referring to time, date etc) serwake up, it's morning — despierta, es de día
what's the date (today)? — ¿qué fecha es hoy?
But note the following alternatives with [estar]:it's 3 May or the 3rd of May — es 3 de mayo
it's 3 May or the 3rd of May — estamos a 3 de mayo
c) (asking and giving opinion) seris it certain that...? — ¿es verdad or cierto que...?
is it fair that she should be punished while...? — ¿es justo que se la castigue mientras que...?
it is possible that he'll come — es posible que venga, puede (ser) que venga
it is unbelievable that... — es increíble que...
it's not clear whether... — no está claro si...
d) (emphatic) serwhy is it that she's so successful? — ¿cómo es que tiene tanto éxito?, ¿por qué tiene tanto éxito?
it was then that... — fue entonces cuando...
9) (=exist) haberthere is/are — hay
what is (there) in that room? — ¿qué hay en esa habitación?
is there anyone at home? — ¿hay alguien en casa?
there being no alternative solution... — al no haber or no habiendo otra solución...
let there be light! — ¡hágase la luz!
See:THERE IS, THERE ARE in there10) (=cost)how much was it? — ¿cuánto costó?
the book is £20 — el libro vale or cuesta 20 libras
how much is it? — ¿cuánto es?; (when paying) ¿qué le debo? frm
11) (=visit)has the postman been? — ¿ha venido el cartero?
have you ever been to Glasgow? — ¿has estado en Glasgow alguna vez?
12) (in noun compounds) futuro•
my wife to be — mi futura esposa•
been and * —you've been and done it now! — ¡buena la has hecho! *
that dog of yours has been and dug up my flowers! — ¡tu perro ha ido y me ha destrozado las flores!
•
you're busy enough as it is — estás bastante ocupado ya con lo que tienes, ya tienes suficiente trabajo•
if it hadn't been for..., if it hadn't been for you or frm had it not been for you, we would have lost — si no hubiera sido por ti or de no haber sido por ti, habríamos perdido•
let me be! — ¡déjame en paz!•
if that's what you want to do, then so be it — si eso es lo que quieres hacer, adelante•
what is it to you? * — ¿a ti qué te importa?2. AUXILIARY VERB1) (forming passive) serThe passive is not used as often in Spanish as in English, active and reflexive constructions often being preferred:it is said that... — dicen que..., se dice que...
she was killed in a car crash — murió en un accidente de coche, resultó muerta en un accidente de coche frm
what's to be done? — ¿qué hay que hacer?
•
it's a film not to be missed — es una película que no hay que perderse•
we searched everywhere for him, but he was nowhere to be seen — lo buscamos por todas partes pero no lo encontramos en ningún sitio2) (forming continuous) estarUse the present simple to talk about planned future events and the construction to talk about intention:what are you doing? — ¿qué estás haciendo?, ¿qué haces?
"it's a pity you aren't coming with us" - "but I am coming!" — -¡qué pena que no vengas con nosotros! -¡sí que voy!
will you be seeing her tomorrow? — ¿la verás or la vas a ver mañana?
will you be needing more? — ¿vas a necesitar más?
The imperfect tense can be used for continuous action in the past: for, sinceI'll be seeing you — hasta luego, nos vemos (esp LAm)
a)"he's going to complain about you" - "oh, is he?" — -va a quejarse de ti -¿ah, sí?
"I'm worried" - "so am I" — -estoy preocupado -yo también
"I'm not ready" - "neither am I" — -no estoy listo -yo tampoco
"you're tired" - "no, I'm not" — -estás cansado -no, ¡qué va!
"you're not eating enough" - "yes I am" — -no comes lo suficiente -que sí
"they're getting married" - "oh, are they?" — (showing surprise) -se casan -¿ah, sí? or -¡no me digas!
"he isn't very happy" - "oh, isn't he?" — -no está muy contento -¿ah, no?
"he's always late, isn't he?" - "yes, he is" — -siempre llega tarde, ¿verdad? -(pues) sí
"is it what you expected?" - "no, it isn't" — -¿es esto lo que esperabas? -(pues) no
"she's pretty" - "no, she isn't" — -es guapa -¡qué va!
he's handsome, isn't he? — es guapo, ¿verdad?, es guapo, ¿no?, es guapo, ¿no es cierto?
it was fun, wasn't it? — fue divertido, ¿verdad?, fue divertido, ¿no?
she wasn't happy, was she? — no era feliz, ¿verdad?
so he's back again, is he? — así que ha vuelto, ¿eh?
you're not ill, are you? — ¿no estarás enfermo?
3. MODAL VERB(with infinitive construction)1) (=must, have to)he's not to open it — no debe abrirlo, que no lo abra
I am to do it — he de hacerlo yo, soy yo el que debe hacerlo
I wasn't to tell you his name — no podía or debía decirte su nombre
2) (=should) deberam I to understand that...? — ¿debo entender que...?
she wrote "My Life", not to be confused with Bernstein's book of the same name — escribió "Mi Vida", que no debe confundirse con la obra de Bernstein que lleva el mismo título
he was to have come yesterday — tenía que or debía haber venido ayer
3) (=will)4) (=can)if it was or were to snow... — si nevase or nevara...
BEif I were to leave the job, would you replace me? — si yo dejara el puesto, ¿me sustituirías?
"Ser" or "estar"?
You can use "ser": ► when defining or identifying by linking two nouns or noun phrases:
Paris is the capital of France París es la capital de Francia
He was the most hated man in the village Era el hombre más odiado del pueblo ► to describe essential or inherent characteristics (e.g. colour, material, nationality, race, shape, size {etc}):
His mother is German Su madre es alemana
She was blonde Era rubia ► with most impersonal expressions not involving past participles:
It is important to be on time Es importante llegar a tiempo
Está claro que is an exception:
It is obvious you don't understand Está claro que no lo entiendes ► when telling the time or talking about time or age:
It is ten o'clock Son las diez
It's very late. Let's go home Es muy tarde. Vamos a casa
He lived in the country when he was young Vivió en el campo cuando era joven ► to indicate possession or duty:
It's mine Es mío
This is your responsibility Este asunto es responsabilidad tuya ► with events in the sense of "take place":
The 1992 Olympic Games were in Barcelona Los Juegos Olímpicos de 1992 fueron en Barcelona
"Where is the exam?" - "It's in Room 1" "¿Dónde es el examen?" - "Es en el Aula Número 1" NOTE: Compare this usage with that of estar (see below) to talk about location of places, objects and people.
You can use "estar": ► to talk about location of places, objects and people:
"Where is Zaragoza?" - "It's in Spain" "¿Dónde está Zaragoza?" - "Está en España"
Your glasses are on the bedside table Tus gafas están en la mesilla de noche NOTE: But use ser with events in the sense of "take place" (see above)}. ► to talk about changeable state, condition or mood:
The teacher is ill La profesora está enferma
The coffee's cold El café está frío
How happy I am! ¡Qué contento estoy! NOTE: Feliz, however, which is seen as more permanent than contento, is used mainly with ser. ► to form progressive tenses:
We're having lunch. Is it ok if I call you later? Estamos comiendo. Te llamaré luego, ¿vale?
Both "ser" and "estar" can be used with past participles ► Use ser in {passive} constructions:
This play was written by Lorca Esta obra fue escrita por Lorca
He was shot dead (by a terrorist group) Fue asesinado a tiros (por un grupo terrorista) NOTE: The passive is not used as often in Spanish as it is in English. ► Use estar with past participles to describe the {results} of a previous action or event:
We threw them away because they were broken Los tiramos a la basura porque estaban rotos
He's dead Está muerto ► Compare the use of ser + ((past participle)) which describes {action} and estar + ((past participle)) which describes {result} in the following:
The window was broken by the firemen La ventana fue rota por los bomberos
The window was broken La ventana estaba rota
It was painted around 1925 Fue pintado hacia 1925
The floor is painted a dark colour El suelo está pintado de color oscuro ► Ser and estar are both used in impersonal expressions with past participles. As above, the use of ser implies {action} while the use of estar implies {result}:
It is understood that the work was never finished Es sabido que el trabajo nunca se llegó a terminar
It is a proven fact that vaccinations save many lives Está demostrado que las vacunas salvan muchas vidas
"Ser" and "estar" with adjectives ► Some adjectives can be used with both ser and estar but the meaning changes completely depending on the verb:
He's clever Es listo
Are you ready? ¿Estás listo?
Chemistry is boring La química es aburrida
I'm bored Estoy aburrido ► Other adjectives can also be used with both verbs but the use of ser describes a {characteristic} while the use of estar implies a {change}:
He's very handsome Es muy guapo
You look great in that dress! Estás muy guapa con ese vestido
He's slim Es delgado
You're (looking) very slim ¡Estás muy delgada! For further uses and examples, see main entry* * *[biːˌ] weak form [bi]
1.
2)a) (followed by an adjective)she's French/intelligent — es francesa/inteligente
he's worried/furious — está preocupado/furioso
he's blind — es or (Esp tb) está ciego
have you never had gazpacho? it's delicious! — ¿nunca has comido gazpacho? es delicioso!
the gazpacho is delicious, did you make it yourself? — el gazpacho está delicioso ¿lo hiciste tú?
she was very rude to me — estuvo or fue muy grosera conmigo
Tony is married/divorced/single — Tony está or (esp AmL) es casado/divorciado/soltero
to be married to somebody — estar* casado con alguien
3)a) (followed by a noun) ser*who was Prime Minister at the time? — ¿quién era Primer Ministro en ese momento?
it's me/Daniel — soy yo/es Daniel
if I were you, I'd stay — yo que tú or yo en tu lugar me quedaría
b) ( play the role of) hacer* de4)how are you? — ¿cómo estás?
I'm much better — estoy or me encuentro mucho mejor
she's pregnant/tired — está embarazada/cansada
I'm cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/sleepy — tengo frío/calor/hambre/sed/sueño
b) ( talking about age) tener*how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?
he's a lot older/younger — es mucho mayor/menor
c) (giving cost, measurement, weight)how much is that? - that'll be $15, please — ¿cuánto es? - (son) 15 dólares, por favor
they are $15 each — cuestan or valen 15 dólares cada una
how tall/heavy is he? — ¿cuánto mide/pesa?
5)a) (exist, live)I think, therefore I am — pienso, luego existo
to let something/somebody be — dejar tranquilo or en paz algo/a alguien
b) ( in expressions of time)don't be too long — no tardes mucho, no (te) demores mucho (esp AmL)
I'm drying my hair, I won't be long — me estoy secando el pelo, enseguida estoy
how long will dinner be? — ¿cuánto falta para la cena?
c) ( take place) ser*6) (be situated, present) estar*where is the library? — ¿dónde está or queda la biblioteca?
where are you? — ¿dónde estás?
what's in that box? — ¿qué hay en esa caja?
who's in the movie? — ¿quién actúa or trabaja en la película?
how long are you in Chicago (for)? — (colloq) ¿cuánto (tiempo) te vas a quedar en Chicago ?
7) (only in perfect tenses) ( visit) estar*have you been to the exhibition yet? — ¿ya has estado en or has ido a la exposición?
2.
v impers1)a) (talking about physical conditions, circumstances)it's sunny/cold/hot — hace sol/frío/calor
it's so noisy/quiet in here! — qué ruido/silencio hay aquí!
I have enough problems as it is, without you... — yo ya tengo suficientes problemas sin que tú encima...
b) ( in expressions of time) ser*hi, Joe, it's been a long time — qué tal, Joe, tanto tiempo (sin verte)
c) ( talking about distance) estar*it's 500 miles from here to Detroit — Detroit queda or está a 500 millas de aquí
2)a) (introducing person, object) ser*it was me who told them — fui yo quien se lo dije or dijo, fui yo el que se lo dije or dijo
b) (in conditional use) ser*if it hadn't been o had it not been for Juan, we would have been killed — si no hubiera sido por Juan or de no ser por Juan, nos habríamos matado
3.
v aux1) to be -inga) ( used to describe action in progress) estar* + gerwhat was I saying? — ¿qué estaba diciendo?
she was leaving when... — se iba cuando...
how long have you been waiting? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace que esperas?, ¿cuánto (tiempo) llevas esperando?
b) ( with future reference)he is o will be arriving tomorrow — llega mañana
when are you seeing her? — ¿cuándo la vas a ver or la verás?
2) (in the passive voice) ser* [The passive voice, however, is less common in Spanish than it is in English]it was built in 1903 — fue construido en 1903, se construyó en 1903, lo construyeron en 1903
she was told that... — le dijeron or se le dijo que...
it is known that... — se sabe que...
3) to be to + infa) ( with future reference)if a solution is to be found... — si se quiere encontrar or si se ha de encontrar una solución...
b) ( expressing possibility)what are we to do? — ¿qué podemos hacer?
c) ( expressing obligation) deber* + inf, tener* que + inf, haber* de + inftell her she's to stay here — dile que debe quedarse or tiene que quedarse aquí, dile que se quede aquí
am I to understand that... ? — ¿debo entender que... ?
4) ( in hypotheses)what would happen if she were o was to die? — ¿qué pasaría si ella muriera?
5)she's right, isn't she? — tiene razón, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?
so that's what you think, is it? — de manera que eso es lo que piensas
are you disappointed? - yes, I am/no, I'm not — ¿estás desilusionado? - sí (, lo estoy)/no (, no lo estoy)
she was told the news, and so was he/but I wasn't — a ella le dieron la noticia, y también a él/pero a mí no
I'm surprised, are/aren't you? — estoy sorprendido, ¿y tú?/¿tú no?
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6 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
7 BE
'bi: ɡi:( abbreviation) (Bachelor of Engineering; first degree in Engineering.) licenciatura en Ingenieríabe vb1. serwhat time is it? It's 3 o'clock ¿qué hora es? Son las treswho is it? It's me ¿quién es? Soy yo2. estarhow are you? I'm fine ¿cómo estás? estoy bienwhere is Pauline? ¿dónde está Pauline?how far is it? ¿a qué distancia está?what day is it today? ¿qué día es hoy? / ¿a qué día estamos?3. tenerhow old are you? I'm 16 ¿cuántos años tienes? tengo 16 años4. costar / valer / serhow much is it? ¿cuánto cuesta? / ¿cuánto vale? / ¿cuánto es?the tickets are £15 each las entradas valen 15 libras cada una5. hacer6. haberhow many children are there? ¿cuántos niños hay?Se usa también para construir el tiempo verbal llamado present continuous que indica una acción que está pasando en estos momentoswhat are you doing? ¿qué estás haciendo? / ¿qué haces?look, it's snowing mira, está nevando
be sustantivo femenino: name of the letter b, often called be largaor grande to distinguish it from v 'be' also found in these entries: Spanish: A - abasto - abate - abismo - abotargarse - abreviar - abrirse - absoluta - absoluto - abultar - abundar - aburrir - aburrirse - acabose - acariciar - acaso - acertar - achantarse - acometer - acostada - acostado - acostumbrar - acostumbrada - acostumbrado - acreditar - activa - activo - adelantar - adelantarse - adentro - adivinarse - admirarse - adolecer - aferrarse - afianzarse - aficionada - aficionado - afligirse - agonizar - agotarse - agradecer - agua - ahogarse - ahora - aire - ajo - ala - alarmarse - alcanzar - alegrarse English: aback - abate - about - absent - accordance - account for - accountable - accustom - acquaint - action - addicted - address - adequate - adjust - admit - affiliated - afford - afraid - agenda - agree - agreement - ahead - air - airsick - alert - alive - alone - along - aloof - alphabetically - always - am - ambition - amenable - amusing - anathema - annoyance - anomaly - anxious - apologetic - appal - appall - are - arm - around - arrears - as - ashamed - aspire - assertbetr[biː]intransitive verb (pres 1ª pers am, 2ª pers sing y todas del pl are, 3ª pers sing is; pt 1ª y 3ª pers sing was, 2ª pers sing y todas del pl; pp been)2 (essential quality) ser3 (nationality) ser4 (occupation) ser5 (origin) ser6 (ownership) ser7 (authorship) ser8 (composition) ser9 (use) ser10 (location) estar11 (temporary state) estar■ how are you? ¿cómo estás?12 (age) tener13 (price) costar, valer■ a single ticket is £9.50 un billete de ida cuesta £9.5014 tener■ he's hot/cold tiene calor/frío■ we're hungry/thirsty tenemos hambre/sed1 (passive) ser■ she was arrested at the border fue detenida en la frontera, la detuvieron en la frontera■ he's hated by everybody es odiado por todos, todos lo odian■ he was discharged fue dado de alta, lo dieron de alta■ the house has been sold la casa ha sido vendida, la casa se ha vendido, han vendido la casa■ thirty children were injured treinta niños fueron heridos, treinta niños resultaron heridos■ the two areas of the town are divided by a wall las dos zonas de la ciudad están divididas por un muro1 (obligation) deber, tener que1 (future)phrase there is / there are1 hay■ is there much traffic ¿hay mucho tráfico?1 había■ were there many people? ¿había mucha gente?1 habrá1 habría■ if Mike came, there would be ten of us si viniera Mike, seríamos diez\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be about to «+ inf» estar para + inf, estar a punto de + infto be or not to be ser o no serbe ['bi:] v, was ['wəz, 'wɑz] ; were ['wər] ; been ['bɪn] ; being ; am ['æm] ; is ['ɪz] ; are ['ɑr] viJosé is a doctor: José es doctorI'm Ana's sister: soy la hermana de Anathe tree is tall: el árbol es altoyou're silly!: ¡eres tonto!she's from Managua: es de Managuait's mine: es míomy mother is at home: mi madre está en casathe cups are on the table: las tazas están en la mesato be or not to be: ser, o no serI think, therefore I am: pienso, luego existohow are you?: ¿cómo estás?I'm cold: tengo fríoshe's 10 years old: tiene 10 añosthey're both sick: están enfermos los dosbe v impersit's eight o'clock: son las ochoit's Friday: hoy es viernesit's sunny: hace solit's very dark outside: está bien oscuro afuerabe v auxwhat are you doing? -I'm working: ¿qué haces? -estoy trabajandoit was finished yesterday: fue acabado ayer, se acabó ayerit was cooked in the oven: se cocinó en el hornocan she be trusted?: ¿se puede confiar en ella?you are to stay here: debes quedarte aquíhe was to come yesterday: se esperaba que viniese ayerbev.(§ p.,p.p.: was, were, been) = estar v.(§pres: estoy, estás...) pret: estuv-•)• ser v.(§pres: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son) subj: se-imp: er-fu-•)biːˌ weak form bi
1.
2)a) (followed by an adjective)she's French/intelligent — es francesa/inteligente
he's worried/furious — está preocupado/furioso
he's blind — es or (Esp tb) está ciego
have you never had gazpacho? it's delicious! — ¿nunca has comido gazpacho? es delicioso!
the gazpacho is delicious, did you make it yourself? — el gazpacho está delicioso ¿lo hiciste tú?
she was very rude to me — estuvo or fue muy grosera conmigo
Tony is married/divorced/single — Tony está or (esp AmL) es casado/divorciado/soltero
to be married to somebody — estar* casado con alguien
3)a) (followed by a noun) ser*who was Prime Minister at the time? — ¿quién era Primer Ministro en ese momento?
it's me/Daniel — soy yo/es Daniel
if I were you, I'd stay — yo que tú or yo en tu lugar me quedaría
b) ( play the role of) hacer* de4)how are you? — ¿cómo estás?
I'm much better — estoy or me encuentro mucho mejor
she's pregnant/tired — está embarazada/cansada
I'm cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/sleepy — tengo frío/calor/hambre/sed/sueño
b) ( talking about age) tener*how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?
he's a lot older/younger — es mucho mayor/menor
c) (giving cost, measurement, weight)how much is that? - that'll be $15, please — ¿cuánto es? - (son) 15 dólares, por favor
they are $15 each — cuestan or valen 15 dólares cada una
how tall/heavy is he? — ¿cuánto mide/pesa?
5)a) (exist, live)I think, therefore I am — pienso, luego existo
to let something/somebody be — dejar tranquilo or en paz algo/a alguien
b) ( in expressions of time)don't be too long — no tardes mucho, no (te) demores mucho (esp AmL)
I'm drying my hair, I won't be long — me estoy secando el pelo, enseguida estoy
how long will dinner be? — ¿cuánto falta para la cena?
c) ( take place) ser*6) (be situated, present) estar*where is the library? — ¿dónde está or queda la biblioteca?
where are you? — ¿dónde estás?
what's in that box? — ¿qué hay en esa caja?
who's in the movie? — ¿quién actúa or trabaja en la película?
how long are you in Chicago (for)? — (colloq) ¿cuánto (tiempo) te vas a quedar en Chicago ?
7) (only in perfect tenses) ( visit) estar*have you been to the exhibition yet? — ¿ya has estado en or has ido a la exposición?
2.
v impers1)a) (talking about physical conditions, circumstances)it's sunny/cold/hot — hace sol/frío/calor
it's so noisy/quiet in here! — qué ruido/silencio hay aquí!
I have enough problems as it is, without you... — yo ya tengo suficientes problemas sin que tú encima...
b) ( in expressions of time) ser*hi, Joe, it's been a long time — qué tal, Joe, tanto tiempo (sin verte)
c) ( talking about distance) estar*it's 500 miles from here to Detroit — Detroit queda or está a 500 millas de aquí
2)a) (introducing person, object) ser*it was me who told them — fui yo quien se lo dije or dijo, fui yo el que se lo dije or dijo
b) (in conditional use) ser*if it hadn't been o had it not been for Juan, we would have been killed — si no hubiera sido por Juan or de no ser por Juan, nos habríamos matado
3.
v aux1) to be -inga) ( used to describe action in progress) estar* + gerwhat was I saying? — ¿qué estaba diciendo?
she was leaving when... — se iba cuando...
how long have you been waiting? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace que esperas?, ¿cuánto (tiempo) llevas esperando?
b) ( with future reference)he is o will be arriving tomorrow — llega mañana
when are you seeing her? — ¿cuándo la vas a ver or la verás?
2) (in the passive voice) ser* [The passive voice, however, is less common in Spanish than it is in English]it was built in 1903 — fue construido en 1903, se construyó en 1903, lo construyeron en 1903
she was told that... — le dijeron or se le dijo que...
it is known that... — se sabe que...
3) to be to + infa) ( with future reference)if a solution is to be found... — si se quiere encontrar or si se ha de encontrar una solución...
b) ( expressing possibility)what are we to do? — ¿qué podemos hacer?
c) ( expressing obligation) deber* + inf, tener* que + inf, haber* de + inftell her she's to stay here — dile que debe quedarse or tiene que quedarse aquí, dile que se quede aquí
am I to understand that... ? — ¿debo entender que... ?
4) ( in hypotheses)what would happen if she were o was to die? — ¿qué pasaría si ella muriera?
5)she's right, isn't she? — tiene razón, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?
so that's what you think, is it? — de manera que eso es lo que piensas
are you disappointed? - yes, I am/no, I'm not — ¿estás desilusionado? - sí (, lo estoy)/no (, no lo estoy)
she was told the news, and so was he/but I wasn't — a ella le dieron la noticia, y también a él/pero a mí no
I'm surprised, are/aren't you? — estoy sorprendido, ¿y tú?/¿tú no?
N ABBR(Econ) = bill of exchange L/C* * *[biːˌ] weak form [bi]
1.
2)a) (followed by an adjective)she's French/intelligent — es francesa/inteligente
he's worried/furious — está preocupado/furioso
he's blind — es or (Esp tb) está ciego
have you never had gazpacho? it's delicious! — ¿nunca has comido gazpacho? es delicioso!
the gazpacho is delicious, did you make it yourself? — el gazpacho está delicioso ¿lo hiciste tú?
she was very rude to me — estuvo or fue muy grosera conmigo
Tony is married/divorced/single — Tony está or (esp AmL) es casado/divorciado/soltero
to be married to somebody — estar* casado con alguien
3)a) (followed by a noun) ser*who was Prime Minister at the time? — ¿quién era Primer Ministro en ese momento?
it's me/Daniel — soy yo/es Daniel
if I were you, I'd stay — yo que tú or yo en tu lugar me quedaría
b) ( play the role of) hacer* de4)how are you? — ¿cómo estás?
I'm much better — estoy or me encuentro mucho mejor
she's pregnant/tired — está embarazada/cansada
I'm cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/sleepy — tengo frío/calor/hambre/sed/sueño
b) ( talking about age) tener*how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?
he's a lot older/younger — es mucho mayor/menor
c) (giving cost, measurement, weight)how much is that? - that'll be $15, please — ¿cuánto es? - (son) 15 dólares, por favor
they are $15 each — cuestan or valen 15 dólares cada una
how tall/heavy is he? — ¿cuánto mide/pesa?
5)a) (exist, live)I think, therefore I am — pienso, luego existo
to let something/somebody be — dejar tranquilo or en paz algo/a alguien
b) ( in expressions of time)don't be too long — no tardes mucho, no (te) demores mucho (esp AmL)
I'm drying my hair, I won't be long — me estoy secando el pelo, enseguida estoy
how long will dinner be? — ¿cuánto falta para la cena?
c) ( take place) ser*6) (be situated, present) estar*where is the library? — ¿dónde está or queda la biblioteca?
where are you? — ¿dónde estás?
what's in that box? — ¿qué hay en esa caja?
who's in the movie? — ¿quién actúa or trabaja en la película?
how long are you in Chicago (for)? — (colloq) ¿cuánto (tiempo) te vas a quedar en Chicago ?
7) (only in perfect tenses) ( visit) estar*have you been to the exhibition yet? — ¿ya has estado en or has ido a la exposición?
2.
v impers1)a) (talking about physical conditions, circumstances)it's sunny/cold/hot — hace sol/frío/calor
it's so noisy/quiet in here! — qué ruido/silencio hay aquí!
I have enough problems as it is, without you... — yo ya tengo suficientes problemas sin que tú encima...
b) ( in expressions of time) ser*hi, Joe, it's been a long time — qué tal, Joe, tanto tiempo (sin verte)
c) ( talking about distance) estar*it's 500 miles from here to Detroit — Detroit queda or está a 500 millas de aquí
2)a) (introducing person, object) ser*it was me who told them — fui yo quien se lo dije or dijo, fui yo el que se lo dije or dijo
b) (in conditional use) ser*if it hadn't been o had it not been for Juan, we would have been killed — si no hubiera sido por Juan or de no ser por Juan, nos habríamos matado
3.
v aux1) to be -inga) ( used to describe action in progress) estar* + gerwhat was I saying? — ¿qué estaba diciendo?
she was leaving when... — se iba cuando...
how long have you been waiting? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace que esperas?, ¿cuánto (tiempo) llevas esperando?
b) ( with future reference)he is o will be arriving tomorrow — llega mañana
when are you seeing her? — ¿cuándo la vas a ver or la verás?
2) (in the passive voice) ser* [The passive voice, however, is less common in Spanish than it is in English]it was built in 1903 — fue construido en 1903, se construyó en 1903, lo construyeron en 1903
she was told that... — le dijeron or se le dijo que...
it is known that... — se sabe que...
3) to be to + infa) ( with future reference)if a solution is to be found... — si se quiere encontrar or si se ha de encontrar una solución...
b) ( expressing possibility)what are we to do? — ¿qué podemos hacer?
c) ( expressing obligation) deber* + inf, tener* que + inf, haber* de + inftell her she's to stay here — dile que debe quedarse or tiene que quedarse aquí, dile que se quede aquí
am I to understand that... ? — ¿debo entender que... ?
4) ( in hypotheses)what would happen if she were o was to die? — ¿qué pasaría si ella muriera?
5)she's right, isn't she? — tiene razón, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?
so that's what you think, is it? — de manera que eso es lo que piensas
are you disappointed? - yes, I am/no, I'm not — ¿estás desilusionado? - sí (, lo estoy)/no (, no lo estoy)
she was told the news, and so was he/but I wasn't — a ella le dieron la noticia, y también a él/pero a mí no
I'm surprised, are/aren't you? — estoy sorprendido, ¿y tú?/¿tú no?
-
8 same
1. adjectivethe same — der/die/das gleiche
the same [thing] — (identical) der-/die-/dasselbe
the same afternoon/evening — (of same day) schon am Nachmittag/Abend
she seemed just the same [as ever] to me — sie schien mir unverändert od. immer noch die alte
one and the same person/man — ein und dieselbe Person/ein und derselbe Mann
the very same — genau der/die/das; ebenderselbe/-dieselbe/-dasselbe
2. pronounmuch the same as — fast genauso wie
the same, (coll.) same — (the same thing) der-/die-/dasselbe
they look [exactly] the same — sie sehen gleich aus
and the same to you! — (also iron.) danke gleichfalls
[the] same again — das gleiche noch einmal
3. adverbI feel bored - Same here — (coll.) Ich langweile mich - Dito
[the] same as you do — genau wie du
all or just the same — trotzdem; nichtsdestotrotz (ugs., oft scherzh.)
think the same of/feel the same towards — dasselbe halten von/empfinden für
* * *[seim] 1. adjective1) (alike; very similar: The houses in this road are all the same; You have the same eyes as your brother (has).) gleich3) (unchanged: My opinion is the same as it always was.) gleich2. pronoun 3. adverb- academic.ru/115051/all_just_the_same">all/just the same- at the same time
- be all the same to
- same here
- same-sex marriage* * *[seɪm]I. adj attr, inv1. (exactly similar)I've got the \same taste in clothes as my sister ich habe bei Kleidung den gleichen Geschmack wie meine Schwestershe brought up her children in the \same way as her mother did sie erzog ihre Kinder genauso, wie ihre Mutter es getan hatteshe's the \same age as me sie ist genauso alt wie ichit all amounts to the \same thing es läuft alles auf dasselbe hinaus\same difference ( fam) ein und dasselbeto go the \same way [as sb] den gleichen Weg [wie jd] gehen2. (not another)▪ the \same der/die/das Gleichewe sleep in the \same room wir schlafen im gleichen Zimmerour teacher always wears the \same pullover unser Lehrer trägt stets denselben Pulloverin the \same breath im gleichen [o selben] Atemzugat the \same time gleichzeitig, zur gleichen Zeit; (nevertheless) trotzdemby the \same token ( fig) ebensoI don't think that prices will go up but, by the \same token, I don't see them going down much lower either ich glaube nicht, dass die Preise steigen werden, aber ebenso wenig glaube ich, dass sie stark sinken werden3. (monotonous) eintönigat every meeting you see the \same old faces bei jedem Treffen sieht man die gleichen alten Gesichterit's the \same old story — the rich get richer and the poor get poorer es ist die alte Geschichte — die Reichen werden immer reicher und die Armen immer ärmer4.▶ lightning never strikes in the \same place twice ( saying) der Blitz schlägt nicht zweimal an derselben Stelle einII. pron▪ the \same der-/die-/dasselbeafter all those years you look exactly the \same du hast dich in all diesen Jahren überhaupt nicht verändertpeople say I look just the \same as my sister die Leute sagen, ich sähe genauso aus wie meine Schwesterthey realized that things would never be the same again es wurde ihnen klar, dass nichts mehr so sein würde wie früherto be all the \same alle[s] gleich seinmen are all the \same die Männer sind alle gleichit's all the \same to me das macht für mich keinen Unterschiedto be one and the \same ein und der-/die-/dasselbe seinI was amazed to discover they are one and the \same person ich war überrascht festzustellen, dass sie ein und dieselbe Person sind▪ not the \same nicht der-/die-/das Gleicheour old house wasn't the \same without David unser altes Haus war ohne David nicht mehr das, was es [einmal] war▶ all the \same trotzdemall the \same we had a good time wir hatten dennoch eine schöne Zeitthanks all the \same trotzdem vielen DankI thought that film was awful! — \same here! ich fand den Film schrecklich! — ganz meine Meinung▶ \same to you danke, gleichfallsIII. adv▪ the \same gleichthese two machines are operated the \same diese beiden Maschinen werden auf dieselbe Art bedientI feel just the \same as you do mir geht es genauso wie dirI need some time to myself, \same as anybody else ( fam) ich brauche Zeit für mich selbst, genau wie jeder andere auch* * *[seɪm]1. adjthe same... — der/die/das gleiche...
they both live in the same house — sie wohnen beide in demselben or im selben Haus
that's the same tie as I've got — so eine Krawatte habe ich auch, ich habe die gleiche Krawatte
see you tomorrow, same time same place — bis morgen, gleicher Ort, gleiche Zeit or Ort und Zeit wie gehabt
we sat at the same table as usual — wir saßen an unserem üblichen Tisch
how are you? – same as usual — wie gehts? – wie immer
I've made the same mistake myself — den Fehler habe ich auch gemacht, ich habe den gleichen Fehler gemacht
this same person — eben dieser Mensch; (Jur)
she was killed with this same knife — sie wurde mit eben or genau diesem Messer erstochen
he is the same age as his wife — er ist (genau) so alt wie seine Frau
it happened the same day — es ist am gleichen or selben Tag passiert
if you can do the two jobs in the same day — wenn sie die beiden Arbeiten an einem Tag erledigen können
it's the same old rubbish every night on TV (inf) — es gibt jeden Abend den gleichen Mist im Fernsehen (inf)
See:→ time2. pron1)the same —
he left and I did the same — er ist gegangen, und ich auch or ebenfalls
they are one and the same — das ist doch dasselbe; (people) das ist doch ein und der-/dieselbe
is he that artist from New Orleans?– the very same — ist das dieser Künstler aus New Orleans?– genau der
another drink? – thanks, (the) same again — noch etwas zu trinken? – ja bitte, das Gleiche noch mal
same again, Joe — und noch einen, Joe
she's much the same — sie hat sich kaum geändert; (in health) es geht ihr kaum besser
he will never be the same again —
you're not the same any more — du bist nicht mehr der-/dieselbe
I'm not the same as my brother — ich bin nicht so wie mein Bruder
2) no art (COMM)for repairing chair: £10, for recovering same: £25 — Stuhlreparatur: £ 10, Beziehen: £ 25
3)to pay/treat everybody the same — alle gleich bezahlen/behandeln
I used to love you but I don't feel the same any more — ich habe dich mal geliebt, aber das ist jetzt anders
I still feel the same about you — an meinen Gefühlen dir gegenüber hat sich nichts geändert
if it's all the same to you —
it's all the same to me ( what you do) — es ist mir egal(, was du tust)
4)thanks all the same — trotzdem vielen Danksame here — ich/wir auch
same to you —
you're an idiot – same to you I'd have hit him, (the) same as you did (inf) — du bist ein Idiot – gleichfalls ich hätte ihn (an Ihrer Stelle) auch geschlagen
we left our country the same as you did — wir haben unsere Heimat verlassen, wie Sie auch
* * *same [seım]A adj (mit vorhergehendem bestimmtem Artikel oder hinweisendem Fürwort)1. selb(er, e, es), gleich:her time was the same as the German record SPORT ihre Zeit bedeutete die Einstellung des deutschen Rekordes;they are the same age sie sind gleich alt;with this same knife mit ebendiesem Messer;the film with the same name der gleichnamige Film;at the same price as zu demselben Preis wie;the same thing as das Gleiche wie;which is the same thing was dasselbe ist;it comes to the same thing es läuft auf dasselbe hinaus;the two problems are really one and the same die beiden Probleme sind eigentlich ein und dasselbe;they are all the same bes pej sie sind alle gleich;he is no longer the same man er ist nicht mehr der Gleiche oder der Alte;2. (ohne art) eintönigB pronsame here umg so geht es mir auch, ganz meinerseits;everything tasted the same alles schmeckte gleich;it is all the same to me es ist mir ganz gleich oder einerlei;if it’s all the same to you wenn es dir nichts ausmacht2. the sameb) JUR, REL er, sie, es, dieser, diese, dies(es)£5 for alterations to sameas wie);* * *1. adjectivethe same — der/die/das gleiche
the same [thing] — (identical) der-/die-/dasselbe
the same afternoon/evening — (of same day) schon am Nachmittag/Abend
she seemed just the same [as ever] to me — sie schien mir unverändert od. immer noch die alte
one and the same person/man — ein und dieselbe Person/ein und derselbe Mann
2. pronounthe very same — genau der/die/das; ebenderselbe/-dieselbe/-dasselbe
the same, (coll.) same — (the same thing) der-/die-/dasselbe
they look [exactly] the same — sie sehen gleich aus
and the same to you! — (also iron.) danke gleichfalls
[the] same again — das gleiche noch einmal
3. adverbI feel bored - Same here — (coll.) Ich langweile mich - Dito
[the] same as you do — genau wie du
all or just the same — trotzdem; nichtsdestotrotz (ugs., oft scherzh.)
think the same of/feel the same towards — dasselbe halten von/empfinden für
* * *adj.dasselb adj.dasselbesand adj.derselb adj.dieselb adj.gleich adj.selb adj. -
9 one
1. adjective1) attrib. einone or two — (fig.): (a few) ein paar
one more... — noch ein...
it's one [o'clock] — es ist eins od. ein Uhr; see also academic.ru/23561/eight">eight 1.; half 1. 1), 3. 2); quarter 1. 1)
in any one day/year — an einem Tag/in einem Jahr
at any one time — zur gleichen Zeit; (always) zu jeder Zeit
not one [little] bit — überhaupt nicht
one and the same person/thing — ein und dieselbe Person/Sache
at one and the same time — gleichzeitig; see also all 2. 1)
be one as a family/nation — eine einige Familie/Nation sein; see also with 1)
5) attrib. (a particular but undefined)at one time — einmal; einst (geh.)
one morning/night — eines Morgens/Nachts
one day soon — bald einmal
one Sunday — an einem Sonntag
6) attrib. contrasted with ‘other’/‘another’ einneither one thing nor the other — weder das eine noch das andere; see also hand 1. 24)
7)2. noungot it in one! — (coll.) [du hast es] erraten!
1) eins2) (number, symbol) Eins, die; see also eight 2. 1)3) (unit)3. pronoun1)one of... — ein... (+ Gen.)
one of them/us — etc. einer von ihnen/uns usw.
any one of them — jeder/jede/jedes von ihnen
every one of them — jeder/jede/jedes [einzelne] von ihnen
not one of them — keiner/keine/keines von ihnen
2) replacing n. implied or mentioned ein...the jacket is an old one — die Jacke ist [schon] alt
the older/younger one — der/die/das ältere/jüngere
this is the one I like — den/die/das mag ich
you are or were the one who insisted on going to Scotland — du warst der-/diejenige, der/die unbedingt nach Schottland wollte
this one — dieser/diese/dieses [da]
that one — der/die/das [da]
these ones or those ones? — (coll.) die [da] oder die [da]?
these/those blue etc. ones — diese/die blauen usw.
which one? — welcher/welche/welches?
not one — keiner/keine/keines; (emphatic) nicht einer/eine/eines
all but one — alle außer einem/einer/einem
I for one — ich für mein[en] Teil
one by one, one after another or the other — einzeln
love one another — sich od. (geh.) einander lieben
be kind to one another — nett zueinander sein
3) (contrasted with ‘other’/‘another’)[the] one... the other — der/die/das eine... der/die/das andere
4) (person or creature of specified kind)the little one — der/die/das Kleine
our dear or loved ones — unsere Lieben
5)[not] one who does or to do or for doing something — [nicht] der Typ, der etwas tut
6) (representing people in general; also coll.): (I, we) man; as indirect object einem; as direct object einenwash one's hands — sich (Dat.) die Hände waschen
7) (coll.): (drink)I'll have just a little one — ich trinke nur einen Kleinen (ugs.)
have one on me — ich geb dir einen aus
8) (coll.): (blow)give somebody one on the head/nose — jemandem eins über den Kopf/auf die Nase geben (ugs.)
* * *1. noun1) (the number or figure 1: One and one is two (1 + 1 = 2).) die Eins2) (the age of 1: Babies start to talk at one.) die Eins2. pronoun1) (a single person or thing: She's the one I like the best; I'll buy the red one.) der/die/das(jenige)2) (anyone; any person: One can see the city from here.) man3. adjective2) (aged 1: The baby will be one tomorrow.) eins3) (of the same opinion etc: We are one in our love of freedom.) einer Meinung•- one-- oneself
- one-night stand
- one-off
- one-parent family
- one-sided
- one-way
- one-year-old 4. adjective((of a person, animal or thing) that is one year old.) einjährige- all one- be one up on a person
- be one up on
- not be oneself
- one and all
- one another
- one by one
- one or two* * *[wʌn]we have two daughters and \one son wir haben zwei Töchter und einen Sohn\one hundred/thousand einhundert/-tausend\one million eine Million\one third/fifth ein Drittel/Fünftel ntthe glass tube is closed at \one end das Glasröhrchen ist an einem Ende verschlossenhe can't tell \one wine from another er schmeckt bei Weinen keinen Unterschied3. attr (single, only) einzige(r, s)her \one concern is to save her daughter ihre einzige Sorge ist, wie sie ihre Tochter retten kanndo you think the five of us will manage to squeeze into the \one car? glaubst du, wir fünf können uns in dieses eine Auto quetschen?we should paint the bedroom all \one colour wir sollten das Schlafzimmer nur in einer Farbe streichenhe's the \one person you can rely on in an emergency er ist die einzige Person, auf die man sich im Notfall verlassen kannnot \one man kein Menschto have just \one thought nur einen [einzigen] Gedanken habenthe \one and only... der/die/das einzige...ladies and gentlemen, the \one and only Muhammad Ali! meine Damen und Herren, der einzigartige Muhammad Ali!I'd like to go skiing \one Christmas ich würde gern irgendwann an Weihnachten Skifahren gehen\one afternoon next week an irgendeinem Nachmittag nächste Woche, irgendwann nächste Woche nachmittags\one day irgendwann\one evening/night irgendwann abends/nachts\one moment he says he loves me, the next moment he's asking for a divorce einmal sagt er, er liebt mich, und im nächsten Moment will er die Scheidung\one afternoon in late October an einem Nachmittag Ende Oktober\one day/evening/night eines Tages/Abends/Nachts\one night we stayed up talking till dawn an einem Abend plauderten wir einmal bis zum Morgengrauenher solicitor is \one John Wintersgill ihr Anwalt ist ein gewisser John Wintersgillhis mother is \one generous woman seine Mutter ist eine wirklich großzügige Frauthat's \one big ice cream you've got there du hast aber ein großes Eis!it was \one hell of a shock to find out I'd lost my job ( fam) es war ein Riesenschock für mich, als ich erfuhr, dass ich meinen Job verloren hatte fam8. (identical) ein(e)all types of training meet \one common standard alle Trainingsarten unterliegen den gleichen Maßstäbento be of \one mind einer Meinung sein\one and the same ein und der-/die-/dasselbethat's \one and the same thing! das ist doch ein und dasselbe!9. (age) ein Jahr\one is a difficult age mit einem Jahr sind Kinder in einem schwierigen Alterto be \one [year old] ein Jahr alt seinlittle Jimmy's \one today der kleine Jimmy wird heute ein Jahr altshe'll be \one [year old] tomorrow sie wird morgen ein Jahr alt10. (time)\one [o'clock] eins, ein Uhrit's half past \one es ist halb zweiat \one um eins11.I've got a hundred and \one things to do this morning ich muss heute Vormittag hunderttausend Dinge erledigenwhat with \one thing and another she hadn't had much sleep recently da alles [o viel] zusammenkam, hat sie in letzter Zeit nicht viel Schlaf bekommenthere is no evidence \one way or the other about the effectiveness of the drug es gibt keinerlei Beweise für die Wirksamkeit oder Unwirksamkeit des Medikamentsthe bills have to be paid \one way or another die Rechnungen müssen irgendwie bezahlt werdenII. n\one hundred and \one einhundert[und]einsthree \ones are three drei mal eins gibt [o ist] [o macht] dreithe front door bore a big brass \one auf der Eingangstür prangte eine große kupferne Eins3. (size of garment, merchandise) Größe einslittle Jackie's wearing \ones now die kleine Jackie trägt jetzt Größe eins▪ to be \one eins seinto be made \one getraut werdenIII. pron1. (single item) eine(r, s)four parcels came this morning, but only \one was for Mark heute Morgen kamen vier Pakete, aber nur eines war für Markwhich cake would you like? — the \one at the front welchen Kuchen möchten Sie? — den vorderenI'd rather eat French croissants than English \ones ich esse lieber französische Croissants als englischeI have two apples, do you want \one? ich habe zwei Äpfel, möchtest du einen?not a single \one kein Einziger/keine Einzige/kein Einziges\one at a time immer nur eine(r, s)don't gobble them up all at once — eat them \one at a time schling nicht alle auf einmal hinunter — iss sie langsam[all] in \one [alles] in einemwith this model you get a radio, CD player and cassette deck [all] in \one dieses Modell enthält Radio, CD-Player und Kassettendeck in einem\one after another [or the other] eine(r, s) nach dem/der anderen\one after another the buses drew up die Busse kamen einer nach dem anderen\one [thing] after another [or the other] eines nach dem anderen\one or another [or the other] irgendeine(r, s)not all instances fall neatly into \one or another of these categories nicht alle Vorkommnisse fallen genau unter eine dieser Kategorienthis/that \one diese(r, s)/jene(r, s)these/those \ones diese/jenewhich \one do you want? — that \one, please! welchen möchten Sie? — den dort, bitte!▪ \one of sth:Luxembourg is \one of the world's smallest countries Luxemburg ist eines der kleinsten Länder der Weltelectronics is \one of his [many] hobbies die Elektronik ist eines seiner [vielen] Hobbysour organization is just \one of many charities unsere Organisation ist nur eine von vielen wohltätigen Vereinigungen2. (single person) eine(r)two could live as cheaply as \one zwei könnten so günstig wie einer wohnenshe thought of her loved \ones sie dachte an ihre Liebento [not] be \one to do [or who does] sth (nature) [nicht] der Typ sein, der etw tut, [nicht] zu denen gehören, die etw tun; (liking) etw [nicht] gerne tunshe's always been \one to take [or who takes] initiative es war schon immer ihre Art, die Initiative zu ergreifenI've never really been \one to sit around doing nothing untätig herumzusitzen war noch nie meine Arthe's always been \one that enjoys good food ihm hat gutes Essen schon immer geschmeckthe's not \one to eat exotic food er isst nicht gerne exotische Speisenshe's [not] \one to go [or who goes] to parties sie geht [nicht] gerne auf PartysJack's always been \one for the ladies Jack hatte schon immer viel für Frauen übrigto not be [a] \one ( fam) for sth [or to not be much of a \one] ( fam) etw nicht besonders mögen, sich dat nicht viel aus etw dat machenI've never really been [much of a] \one for football ich habe mir eigentlich nie viel aus Fußball gemachtto [not] be [a] \one for doing sth ( fam) etw [nicht] gerne machenhe's a great \one for telling other people what to do er sagt anderen gerne, was sie zu tun haben\one and all ( liter) allethe news of his resignation came as a surprise to \one and all die Nachricht von seinem Rücktritt kam für alle überraschendwell done \one and all! gut gemacht, ihr alle!like \one + pp wie ein(e)...Viv was running around like \one possessed before the presentation Viv lief vor der Präsentation wie eine Besessene herum\one after another eine/einer nach der/dem anderen\one by \one nacheinander▪ \one of:she's \one of my favourite writers sie ist eine meiner Lieblingsautorento be \one of many/a few eine(r) von vielen/wenigen sein▪ the \one der-/die[jenige]Chris is the \one with curly brown hair Chris ist der mit den lockigen braunen Haaren3. (expressing alternatives, comparisons)they look very similar and it's difficult to distinguish \one from the other sie sehen sich sehr ähnlich, und es ist oft schwer sie auseinanderzuhalten\one or the other der/die/das eine oder der/die/das anderechoose \one of the pictures. you may have \one or the other, but not both such dir eins der Bilder aus. du kannst nur eines davon haben, nicht beide\one without the other der/die/das eine ohne der/die/das andere\one has an obligation to \one's friends man hat Verpflichtungen seinen Freunden gegenüber\one must admire him er ist zu bewundern\one gets the impression that... ich habe den Eindruck, dass...\one has to do \one's best wir müssen unser Bestes gebenI for \one ich für meinen TeilI for \one think we should proceed was mich betrifft, so denke ich, dass wir weitermachen solltenwhat's the capital of Zaire? — oh, that's a difficult \one wie heißt die Hauptstadt von Zaire? — das ist eine schwierige Fragethis \one's on me! diese Runde geht auf mich!she likes a cool \one after a hard day nach einem harten Tag braucht sie einen kühlen Drinkthat was a good \one! der war gut!did I tell you the \one about the blind beggar? habe ich dir den [Witz] von dem blinden Bettler schon erzählt?you are a \one! du bist mir vielleicht einer! famshe's a \one! das ist mir vielleicht eine! fam10.Greek and Hebrew are all \one to me Griechisch und Hebräisch sind Chinesisch für mich famwe have discussed the matter fully and are as \one on our decision wir haben die Angelegenheit gründlich erörtert, und unsere Entscheidung ist einstimmigthey were completely at \one with their environment sie lebten in völliger Harmonie mit ihrer Umweltso are you saying she's leaving him? — yep, got it in \one du sagst also, dass sie ihn verlässt? — ja, du hast es erfasst▶ to get [or be] \one up on sb jdn übertrumpfen▶ to be \one of a kind zur Spitze gehörenin the world of ballet she was certainly \one of a kind as a dancer in der Welt des Ballet zählte sie zweifellos zu den besten TänzerinnenI hear you've collected over 1,000 autographs! — well, I do have \one or two ich habe gehört, du hast über 1.000 Autogramme gesammelt! — na ja, ich habe schon ein paar▶ in \ones and twos (in small numbers) immer nur ein paar; (alone or in a pair) allein oder paarweise [o zu zweit]we expected a flood of applications for the job, but we're only receiving them in \ones and twos wir haben eine Flut von Bewerbungen für die Stelle erwartet, aber es gehen [täglich] nur wenige einto arrive/stand around in \ones and [or or] twos einzeln oder paarweise [o zu zweit] eintreffen/herumstehen* * *[wʌn]1. adj1) (= number) ein/eine/ein; (counting) einsthere was one person too many — da war einer zu viel
one girl was pretty, the other was ugly —
she was in one room, he was in the other — sie war im einen Zimmer, er im anderen
the baby is one ( year old) — das Kind ist ein Jahr (alt)
it is one ( o'clock) — es ist eins, es ist ein Uhr
one hundred pounds — hundert Pfund; (on cheque etc) einhundert Pfund
that's one way of doing it — so kann mans (natürlich) auch machen
2)one morning/day etc he realized... — eines Morgens/Tages etc bemerkte er...3)(= a certain)
one Mr Smith — ein gewisser Herr Smith4)5)(= same)
they all came in the one car — sie kamen alle in dem einen Auto6)(= united)
God is one — Gott ist unteilbarthey were one in wanting that — sie waren sich darin einig, dass sie das wollten
2. pron1) eine(r, s)the one who... — der(jenige), der.../die(jenige), die.../das(jenige), das...
he/that was the one — er/das wars
do you have one? — haben Sie einen/eine/ein(e)s?
the red/big etc one — der/die/das Rote/Große etc
not (a single) one of them, never one of them — nicht eine(r, s) von ihnen, kein Einziger/keine Einzige/kein Einziges
any one — irgendeine(r, s)
every one — jede(r, s)
this one — diese(r, s)
that one — der/die/das, jene(r, s) (geh)
which one? — welche(r, s)?
that's a good one (inf) — der (Witz) ist gut; ( iro, excuse etc ) (das ist ein) guter Witz
I'm not one to go out often — ich bin nicht der Typ, der oft ausgeht
I'm not usually one to go out on a week night, but today... — ich gehe sonst eigentlich nicht an Wochentagen aus, aber heute...
I am not much of a one for cakes (inf) — ich bin kein großer Freund von Kuchen (inf), Kuchen ist eigentlich nicht mein Fall (inf)
she was never one to cry — Weinen war noch nie ihre Art; (but she did) sonst weinte sie nie
he's a great one for discipline/turning up late — der ist ganz groß, wenns um Disziplin/ums Zuspätkommen geht
ooh, you are a one! (inf) — oh, Sie sind mir vielleicht eine(r)! (inf)
she is a teacher, and he/her sister wants to be one too — sie ist Lehrerin, und er möchte auch gern Lehrer werden/ihre Schwester möchte auch gern eine werden
I, for one, think otherwise — ich, zum Beispiel, denke anders
one after the other — eine(r, s) nach dem/der/dem anderen
take one or the other —
one or other of them will do it — der/die eine oder andere wird es tun
one who knows the country —
in the manner of one who... — in der Art von jemandem, der...
like one demented/possessed — wie verrückt/besessen
one must learn to keep quiet — man muss lernen, still zu sein
to hurt one's foot — sich (dat) den Fuß verletzen
to wash one's face/hair — sich (dat) das Gesicht/die Haare waschen
3. n(= written figure) Eins fto be at one (with sb) — sich (dat) (mit jdm) einig sein
Rangers were one up after the first half — Rangers hatten nach der ersten Halbzeit ein Tor Vorsprung
* * *one [wʌn]A adj1. ein, eine, ein:one apple ein Apfel;one man in ten einer von zehn;one or two ein oder zwei, ein paar;he spoke to him as one man to another er redete mit ihm von Mann zu Mann; → hundred A 1, thousand A 12. (emphatisch) ein, eine, ein, ein einziger, eine einzige, ein einziges:all were of one mind sie waren alle einer Meinung;he is one with me on this er ist mit mir darüber einer Meinung;be made one ehelich verbunden werden;for one thing zunächst einmal;no one man could do it allein könnte das niemand schaffen;his one thought sein einziger Gedanke;the one way to do it die einzige Möglichkeit(, es zu tun);my one and only hope meine einzige Hoffnung;it is all one to me es ist mir (ganz) egal;it’s one fine job es ist eine einmalig schöne Arbeit4. ein gewisser, eine gewisse, ein gewisses, ein, eine, ein:one day eines Tages (in Zukunft od Vergangenheit);one of these days irgendwann (ein)mal;one John Smith ein gewisser John SmithB s1. Eins f, eins:one is half of two eins ist die Hälfte von zwei;a Roman one eine römische Eins;one and a half ein(und)einhalb, anderthalb;I bet ten to one (that …) ich wette zehn zu eins(, dass …);at one o’clock um ein Uhr;one-ten ein Uhr zehn, zehn nach eins;in the year one anno dazumal;the all and the one die Gesamtheit und der Einzelne;one by one, one after another, one after the other einer nach dem andern;one with another eins zum anderen gerechnet;by ones and twos einzeln und zu zweien oder zweit;I for one ich zum Beispiel3. Einheit f:be at one with sb mit jemandem einer Meinung oder einig sein;be at one with nature eins mit der Natur sein;be at one with life rundherum zufrieden sein;a) alle gemeinsam,b) alles in einem4. Ein(s)er m, besonders Eindollarnote fC pron1. ein(er), eine, ein(es), jemand:as one wie ein Mann, geschlossen;on this question they were as one in dieser Frage waren sich alle einig;as one enchanted wie verzaubert;as one deprived of their senses wie von Sinnen;one of the poets einer der Dichter;one who einer, der;the one who der(jenige), der oder welcher;one so cautious jemand, der so vorsichtig ist; ein so vorsichtiger Mann;help one another einander oder sich gegenseitig helfen;have you heard the one about …? kennen Sie den (Witz) schon von …?;one for all and all for one einer für alle und alle für einen2. (Stützwort, meist unübersetzt):a sly one ein ganz Schlauer;the little ones die Kleinen (Kinder);a red pencil and a blue one ein roter Bleistift und ein blauer;the portraits are fine ones die Porträts sind gut;3. man:4. one’s sein, seine, sein:break one’s leg sich das Bein brechen;lose one’s way sich verirren5. umga) ein anständiges Ding (hervorragende Sache, besonders tüchtiger Schlag)b) Kanone f fig, Könner(in):one in the eye fig ein Denkzettel;that’s a good one! nicht schlecht!;* * *1. adjective1) attrib. einone thing I must say — ein[e]s muss ich sagen
one or two — (fig.): (a few) ein paar
one more... — noch ein...
2) attrib. (single, only) einzigin any one day/year — an einem Tag/in einem Jahr
at any one time — zur gleichen Zeit; (always) zu jeder Zeit
not one [little] bit — überhaupt nicht
3) (identical, same) einone and the same person/thing — ein und dieselbe Person/Sache
at one and the same time — gleichzeitig; see also all 2. 1)
4) pred. (united, unified)be one as a family/nation — eine einige Familie/Nation sein; see also with 1)
5) attrib. (a particular but undefined)at one time — einmal; einst (geh.)
one morning/night — eines Morgens/Nachts
one day — (on day specified) einmal; (at unspecified future date) eines Tages
6) attrib. contrasted with ‘other’/‘another’ einneither one thing nor the other — weder das eine noch das andere; see also hand 1. 24)
7)in one — (coll.): (at first attempt) auf Anhieb
2. noungot it in one! — (coll.) [du hast es] erraten!
1) eins3) (unit)3. pronoun1)one of... — ein... (+ Gen.)
one of them/us — etc. einer von ihnen/uns usw.
any one of them — jeder/jede/jedes von ihnen
every one of them — jeder/jede/jedes [einzelne] von ihnen
not one of them — keiner/keine/keines von ihnen
2) replacing n. implied or mentioned ein...the jacket is an old one — die Jacke ist [schon] alt
the older/younger one — der/die/das ältere/jüngere
this is the one I like — den/die/das mag ich
you are or were the one who insisted on going to Scotland — du warst der-/diejenige, der/die unbedingt nach Schottland wollte
this one — dieser/diese/dieses [da]
that one — der/die/das [da]
these ones or those ones? — (coll.) die [da] oder die [da]?
these/those blue etc. ones — diese/die blauen usw.
which one? — welcher/welche/welches?
not one — keiner/keine/keines; (emphatic) nicht einer/eine/eines
all but one — alle außer einem/einer/einem
I for one — ich für mein[en] Teil
one by one, one after another or the other — einzeln
love one another — sich od. (geh.) einander lieben
3) (contrasted with ‘other’/‘another’)[the] one... the other — der/die/das eine... der/die/das andere
4) (person or creature of specified kind)the little one — der/die/das Kleine
our dear or loved ones — unsere Lieben
young one — (youngster) Kind, das; (young animal) Junge, das
5)[not] one who does or to do or for doing something — [nicht] der Typ, der etwas tut
6) (representing people in general; also coll.): (I, we) man; as indirect object einem; as direct object einenwash one's hands — sich (Dat.) die Hände waschen
7) (coll.): (drink)8) (coll.): (blow)give somebody one on the head/nose — jemandem eins über den Kopf/auf die Nase geben (ugs.)
* * *(number) n.eins Zahlwortn. adj.ein adj.eins adj. pron.man pron. -
10 be
be [bi:]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. link verb3. modal verb6. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. link verba. être• who is that? -- it's me! qui est-ce ? -- c'est moi !• if I were you I would refuse si j'étais vous, je refuserais━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The following translations use ce + être because they contain an article or possessive in French.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► No article is used in French, unless the noun is qualified by an adjective.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• how are you? comment allez-vous ?d. ( = cost) coûter• how much is it? combien ça coûte ?e. ( = equal) fairef.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• to be cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/ashamed/right/wrong avoir froid/chaud/faim/soif/honte/raison/tort━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Note how French makes the person, not the part of the body, the subject of the sentence in the following.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━g. (with age) avoir• how old is he? quel âge a-t-il ?► to be + -ing━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► French does not distinguish between simple and continuous actions as much as English does.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• I'm coming! j'arrive !• what have you been doing this week? qu'est-ce que tu as fait cette semaine ?• will you be seeing her tomorrow? est-ce que vous allez la voir demain ?━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► être en train de + infinitive emphasizes that one is in the middle of the action.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• I haven't got time, I'm cooking the dinner je n'ai pas le temps, je suis en train de préparer le repas━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The imperfect tense is used for continuous action in the past.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► have/had been +... for/since━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► French uses the present and imperfect where English uses the perfect and past perfect.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• I'd been at university for six weeks when my father got ill j'étais à l'université depuis six semaines quand mon père est tombé malade• he's a friend of yours, isn't he? c'est un ami à toi, n'est-ce pas ?• she wasn't happy, was she? elle n'était pas heureuse, n'est-ce pas ?• so it's all done, is it? tout est fait, alors ?• you're not ill, are you? tu n'es pas malade j'espère ?c. (in tag responses) they're getting married -- oh are they? ils vont se marier -- ah bon ?• he's going to complain about you -- oh is he? il va porter plainte contre toi -- ah vraiment ?━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• he's always late, isn't he? -- yes, he is il est toujours en retard, n'est-ce pas ? -- oui• is it what you expected? -- no it isn't est-ce que tu t'attendais à ça ? -- non━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The past participle in French passive constructions agrees with the subject.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The passive is used less in French than in English. It is often expressed by on + active verb.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• it is said that... on dit que...━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The reflexive can be used to describe how something is usually done.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━3. modal verb► am/are/is to + infinitivea. ( = will)• now the old lady has died, her house is to be sold maintenant que la vieille dame est décédée, sa maison va être mise en venteb. ( = must) you are to follow these instructions exactly tu dois suivre ces instructions scrupuleusementc. ( = should) he is to be pitied il est à plaindre• not to be confused with... à ne pas confondre avec...d. ( = be destined to) this was to have serious repercussions cela devait avoir de graves répercussionse. ( = can) these birds are to be found all over the world on trouve ces oiseaux dans le monde entiera. être ; ( = take place) avoir lieu• he is there at the moment, but he won't be there much longer il est là en ce moment mais il ne va pas rester très longtemps► there is/are ( = there exist(s)) il y a• here you are at last! te voilà enfin !• here you are! ( = take this) tiens (or tenez) !b. ► to have been (to a place)• where have you been? où étais-tu passé ?a. (weather, temperature) faire• it's fine/cold/dark il fait beau/froid/nuit• it's windy/foggy il y a du vent/du brouillard• it was then we realized that... c'est alors que nous nous sommes rendu compte que...• it was they who suggested that... ce sont eux qui ont suggéré que...• why is it that she is so popular? pourquoi a-t-elle tant de succès ?6. compounds* * *[biː, bɪ]1) gen êtreit's me —
2) ( in probability)were it not that... — si ce n'était que...
had it not been for Frank, I'd have missed the train — sans Frank j'aurais raté le train
3) ( phrases)let ou leave him be — laisse-le tranquille
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11 BE
be [bi:]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. link verb3. modal verb6. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. link verba. être• who is that? -- it's me! qui est-ce ? -- c'est moi !• if I were you I would refuse si j'étais vous, je refuserais━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The following translations use ce + être because they contain an article or possessive in French.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► No article is used in French, unless the noun is qualified by an adjective.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• how are you? comment allez-vous ?d. ( = cost) coûter• how much is it? combien ça coûte ?e. ( = equal) fairef.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• to be cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/ashamed/right/wrong avoir froid/chaud/faim/soif/honte/raison/tort━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Note how French makes the person, not the part of the body, the subject of the sentence in the following.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━g. (with age) avoir• how old is he? quel âge a-t-il ?► to be + -ing━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► French does not distinguish between simple and continuous actions as much as English does.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• I'm coming! j'arrive !• what have you been doing this week? qu'est-ce que tu as fait cette semaine ?• will you be seeing her tomorrow? est-ce que vous allez la voir demain ?━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► être en train de + infinitive emphasizes that one is in the middle of the action.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• I haven't got time, I'm cooking the dinner je n'ai pas le temps, je suis en train de préparer le repas━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The imperfect tense is used for continuous action in the past.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► have/had been +... for/since━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► French uses the present and imperfect where English uses the perfect and past perfect.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• I'd been at university for six weeks when my father got ill j'étais à l'université depuis six semaines quand mon père est tombé malade• he's a friend of yours, isn't he? c'est un ami à toi, n'est-ce pas ?• she wasn't happy, was she? elle n'était pas heureuse, n'est-ce pas ?• so it's all done, is it? tout est fait, alors ?• you're not ill, are you? tu n'es pas malade j'espère ?c. (in tag responses) they're getting married -- oh are they? ils vont se marier -- ah bon ?• he's going to complain about you -- oh is he? il va porter plainte contre toi -- ah vraiment ?━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• he's always late, isn't he? -- yes, he is il est toujours en retard, n'est-ce pas ? -- oui• is it what you expected? -- no it isn't est-ce que tu t'attendais à ça ? -- non━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The past participle in French passive constructions agrees with the subject.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The passive is used less in French than in English. It is often expressed by on + active verb.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• it is said that... on dit que...━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The reflexive can be used to describe how something is usually done.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━3. modal verb► am/are/is to + infinitivea. ( = will)• now the old lady has died, her house is to be sold maintenant que la vieille dame est décédée, sa maison va être mise en venteb. ( = must) you are to follow these instructions exactly tu dois suivre ces instructions scrupuleusementc. ( = should) he is to be pitied il est à plaindre• not to be confused with... à ne pas confondre avec...d. ( = be destined to) this was to have serious repercussions cela devait avoir de graves répercussionse. ( = can) these birds are to be found all over the world on trouve ces oiseaux dans le monde entiera. être ; ( = take place) avoir lieu• he is there at the moment, but he won't be there much longer il est là en ce moment mais il ne va pas rester très longtemps► there is/are ( = there exist(s)) il y a• here you are at last! te voilà enfin !• here you are! ( = take this) tiens (or tenez) !b. ► to have been (to a place)• where have you been? où étais-tu passé ?a. (weather, temperature) faire• it's fine/cold/dark il fait beau/froid/nuit• it's windy/foggy il y a du vent/du brouillard• it was then we realized that... c'est alors que nous nous sommes rendu compte que...• it was they who suggested that... ce sont eux qui ont suggéré que...• why is it that she is so popular? pourquoi a-t-elle tant de succès ?6. compounds* * *noun: abrév bill of exchange -
12 make
1. Ithe ebb was making начинался отлив; the tide making we weighed anchor во время прилива мы бросили якорь2. II1) make in some manner this toy makes easily эту игрушку легко сделать: hay ought to make well [in this drying breeze] [на таком сухом ветерке] сено должно хорошо просушиться /сохнуть/2) make somewhere make upstream (downstream) идти /плыть/ вверх (вниз) по течению3) make in some manner the tide is making fast вода быстро прибывает; winter is making earnestly наступает настоящая зима4) make in some manner make well (poorly, etc.) хорошо и т. д. зарабатывать; he always makes pretty handsomely он всегда недурно зарабатывает3. III1) make smth. make machines (tools, paper, chairs, hats, etc.) делать /производить/ машины и т. д., make bricks делать /обжигать/ кирпичи; make a boat (a bridge, a house, a road, etc.) (подстроить лодку и т. д.: make a dress (a coat, a blouse, etc.) делать /шить/ платье и т. д.; make a film снимать фильм: make lunch (jelly, a good supper, etc.) делать /готовить/ завтрак и т. д., make coffee варить кофе; make tea заварить чай; make bread (ис-)печь хлеб; make a garden (a park, flower-beds, etc.) разбивать сад и т. д.; make hay косить траву: make a path делать /прокладывать/ дорожку: where will they make a camp? где они раскинут /разобьют/ лагерь?; make beds стелить /заправлять/ постели; make a fire разжигать камин или раскладывать костер; make nests вить гнезда; beavers make their holes бобры роют норы2) make smth. make one's reputation (one's name) создать себе репутацию (имя); make smb.'s character формировать чей-л. характер; make one's own life строить свой собственную жизнь, самостоятельно строить свой жизнь; make haste торопиться; make progress делать успехи; make preparations делать приготовления; make plans разрабатывать / вынашивать/ планы; he is making plans to go away он собирается /намеревается/ уехать; who made this ridiculous rule? кто придумал это глупое правило?; make war вести войну, воевать; are they willing to make peace? a) они согласны заключить мир?; б) они готовы примириться? || make a stand занимать принципиальную позицию: make love а) ухаживать; говорить ласковые слова; б) ласкать, заниматься любовью3) make smb., smth. one big deal made the young man молодой человек добился успеха благодаря лишь всего одной крупной сделке; hard work made him он добился успеха упорным трудом; wars made and unmade this country эта страна возвеличилась благодаря войнам, и они же привели ее к гибели; industry has made Manchester Манчестер превратился в важный центр благодаря развитию промышленности4) make smth. make trouble (a fuss, a mess, etc.) создавать неприятности и т. д.; he made a terrible to-do он устроил ужасный скандал; don't make noise не делай шума, не шуми; make a change (a disturbance, a panic, etc.) вызывать изменение и т. д., make mischief а) наносить вред; б) шалить, безобразничать; this makes a great difference это совсем другое дело; it makes no difference это ничего не меняет. это все равно; make a great hit coll. иметь огромный успех5) make smth. make eighty miles (five kilometres, etc.) сделать / пройти/ восемьдесят миль и т. д.; make twenty knots идти со скоростью двадцать узлов; make good time а) идти /двигаться/ с хорошей скоростью; б) sport. показать хорошее время6) make smth. соll. make port (harbour, home, land, one's destination, etc.) добираться до /достигать/ порта и т. д., he's tired out, he'll never make the summit он уже выдохся, ему ни за что не добраться до вершины; make the tram (the bus, the next flight, etc.) успевать на /поймать/ трамвай и т. д.; I had hoped to get to the meeting but I found at the last minute that I couldn't make it я надеялся попасть на собрание, но в последнюю минуту понял, что не успею7) make smth. make good grades получать хорошие отметки, хорошо учиться; make the highest score получить больше всего очков; who made the score? кто выиграл /победил/?; I doubt whether he will make much сомневаюсь, чтобы он мог многого добиться, вряд ли он мог многого добиться, вряд ли он многого добьется; those plants will not make much, the soil is too poor эти растения не пойдут /не будут хорошо расти/, здесь плохая почва; do you think a table this wide can make the doorway? вы думаете такой ширины стол пройдет в дверь?; make the team (the best-seller list, the first ten, etc.) попасть в команду и т. д.; this news made the front page это известие поместили на первой полосе [газеты] || make it добиться успеха; make one's point доказать свою течку зрения; has he made his point? понятно, что он хотел сказать?8) make smth. make a good salary (three pounds a week, a profit, etc.) получать хорошее жалованье и т. д.; make a living зарабатывать на жизнь; make money а) зарабатывать деньги; б) разбогатеть; make a fortune приобрести состояние; make a loss потерпеть /понести/ убыток; make smb. make friends приобрести /завеете/ друзей; make enemies нажить врагов9) make smth. one hundred pence make a pound сто пенсов составляют фунт; twelve inches make one foot в одном футе двенадцать дюймов; that makes 40 cents you owe me итак, ты мне должен сорок центов; this made his tenth novel это был уже его десятый роман; how many people make a quorum? сколько человек требуется /необходимо/ для кворума?; how many players make а, football team? сколько человек в футбольной команде?; will you make one of the party? не составите ли вы нам компанию?, не присоединитесь ли вы к нам?; "mouse" makes "mice" in the plural множественное число от "mouse" - "mice"10) make smth. make a will (a deal of transfer, a promissory note, a bill of exchange, etc.) составлять завещание и т. д.; make a list составлять список; make a report написать отчет, подготовить доклад; make a contract (a bargain, an agreement, etc.) заключать /подписывать/ контракт и т. д.11) semiaux make smth. make a stop остановиться, сделать остановку; make a landing сделать посадку; make a pause сделать паузу; make a move а) стронуться с места, двинуться; it's ten o'clock, it's time we made a move уже десять часов, нам пора двигаться / отправляться/; don't make a move! ни с места!, не двигаться!; б) сделать ход; make a start начать; make a good start положить хорошее начало; make an early start рано отправиться в путь; make a jump прыгнуть; make a sign сделать /подать/ знак; make a bow поклониться; make a curtsey сделать книксен; make a call а) нанести короткий визит; I have to make a few calls мне надо забежать в несколько мест: б) позвонить по телефону; let me make a call first разрешите мне сначала позвонить по телефону; make a trip совершать /предпринимать/ поездку; make a speech произнести речь, выступить с речью; make an offer /а proposition/ внести предложение, предложить; make a proposal сделать предложение, предложить выйти замуж; make an answer /а reply/ дать ответ, ответить; make a denial отклонять; опровергать, помещать опровержение; make a joke отпустить шутку; make a complaint (по)жаловаться; make a vow дать клятву, поклясться; make a choice выбирать, делать выбор; make a mistake сделать /допустить/ ошибку, ошибиться; make inquiries наводить справки; make a sacrifice приносить жертву, жертвовать; make room /place/ подвинуться, освободить место; make way освободить дорогу /путь/, отойти в сторону; make a face скорчить рожу, гримасничать12) aux make smb. make a lawyer (a good teacher, a bad farmer, a waiter, an excellent husband, etc.) быть хорошим юристом и т. д., he makes a good carpenter он хороший плотник: he made a very poor musician из него получился очень плохой музыкант; one good verse doesn't make a poet одно хорошее стихотворение еще не дает права называться поэтом; he and his cousin would make a handsome couple он и его кузина составляют прекрасную пару; make smth. cold tea makes an excellent drink холодный чай make прекрасный напиток; dry wood makes a good fire сухое дерево хорошо горит; that makes a good answer! вот хороший ответ!; this makes no sense в этом нет никакого смысла; это бессмысленно; these plays (their letters to each other, etc.) make pleasant reading эти пьесы и т. д. приятно читать; his adventures make all exciting story рассказ о его приключениях слушаешь с волнением4. IV1) make smth. in some manner make smth. quickly (eventually, inevitably, unhesitatingly, etc.) делать что-л. быстро и т. д.; make smth. lawfully (scientifically. delicately, persistently, etc.) делать /осуществлять/ что-л. на законных основаниях и т. д.2) make some distance in some time make 200 miles an hour (ten miles a day, etc.) делать двести миль в час и т. д.; we made only three miles that day в тот день мы прошли /проделали/ только три мили; some airplanes can make over 500 miles an hour скорость некоторых самолетов превышает пятьсот миль в час3) make smth. at some time he will never make much он никогда не добьется успеха4) make sonic money in some time make L 2000 a year зарабатывать /получать/ две тысячи фунтов в год; how much money do you make a week (a month, a year, etc.)? сколько [денег] вы получаете /зарабатываете/ в неделю и т. д.?5. V1) make smb. smth. make him a new toy (her a dress, the children a swing in the garden, etc.) сделать ему /для него/ новую игрушку и т. д., make her a cup of tea приготовь /подай/ ей чашку чаю2) make smth. smth. make it a rule взять [что-л.] за правило; he made it a rule to get up early он взял себе за правило рано вставать; make it one's business считать это своим делом; don't make cheating a practice не привыкай обманывать; he made a certificate his object он поставил себе целью получить диплом3) make smb. smb. make smb. one's heir (him king, a page knight, him a teacher, etc.) сделать кого-л. своим наследником и т. д., make a priest a bishop возвести священника в сан епископа; make smb. a judge (one's spokesman, one's special envoy, etc.) назначать кого-л. судьей и т. д., they made him chairman его выбрали председателем; make a colonel general присвоить /дать/ полковнику звание генерала; произвести полковника в генералы; make smb. a duke (a peer, etc.) дать /пожаловать/ кому-л. титул герцога и т. д., he intended to make his son a barrister (a soldier, a carpenter, etc.) он хотел, чтобы его сын стал адвокатом и т. д.; he made her his wife он сделал ее своей женой, он женился на ней; make smb. prisoner взять кого-л. в плен; make oneself a martyr сделать из себя мученика, пойти на муки; make this character an important person (Hamlet a figure of tragic indecision, Shylock a tragic figure, her a figure of fun, etc.) делать из этого персонажа значительную личность и т. д.4) make smth. smth. add one more egg and make it a round dozen прибавь еще одно яйцо, и будет /получится/ дюжина5) make it smth. shall we make it Tuesday? договоримся на вторник?; can you come at six? - make it half past вы можете прийти в шесть? - Лучше условимся на половину седьмого; I shall make it tomorrow я договорись на завтра6) make smth. smth. make the distance about 70 miles полагать /считать/, что расстояние равно примерно семидесяти милям; I make the total about L 50 по-моему, общая сумма составит фунтов пятьдесят; how large do you make the crowd? как вы думаете, сколько в этой толпе человек?; what do you make the time? сколько, по-вашему, сейчас времени?; what time do you make it? - I make it half past four сколько сейчас времени, по-вашему? - Мне кажется, что сейчас примерно половина пятого7) semiaux make smb. smth. make smb. an offer (one or two attractive proposals, a bid for the antique table, etc.) сделать кому-л. какое-л. предложение и т. д.; I made her a present of the vase я подарил ей эту вазу; he made me a sign он сделал /подал/ мне знак; she made him a face она скорчила ему рожу8) 0 make smb. smb. she will make him a good wife (a good mother, a loyal friend, etc.) она будет ему хорошей женой и т. д.; make smb. smth. this cloth will make me a good suit из этого отреза мне выйдет хороший костюм6. VI1) make smb., smth. be of some nudity his upbringing made him selfish воспитание сделало его эгоистом; her eyes made her beautiful глаза делали ее прекрасной; he was trying to make himself agreeable он старался быть приятным; we shall try to make your stay here agreeable мы постараемся [сделать так], чтобы ваш визит сюда доставил вам удовольствие; make oneself responsible взять на себя ответственность; make children immune against this disease создать /выработать/ у детей иммунитет против /к/ этой болезни; this portrait makes him too old на портрете он выглядит гораздо старше [, чем он есть на самом деле]; this opera made him immortal эта опера принесла ему бессмертие; make his novels (the song, this new theory, the actress, etc.) popular (famous) сделать его романы и т. д. популярными, создать /принести/ популярность (славу) его романам и т. д.; don't stand about doing nothing - make yourself useful не стойте без дела, помогите [нам]; you've made my nose too big вы нарисовали мне слишком большей нос; make smb., smth. be in some state make smb. happy (rich, poor, etc.) сделать кого-л. счастливым и т. д., make the prisoners free освободить заключенных; make oneself comfortable удобно устроиться; they are coming, make yourselves ready они приближаются, будьте готовы; she is seeing it for the first time, we must make her ready такое она увидит впервые, надо ее подготовить; make smb. angry рассердить кого-л.; her answers made him furious ее ответы взбесили его: make smb. sick a) вызывать у кого-л. тошноту; what made you sick? отчего вам стало плохо?; б) coll. раздражать кого-л.: your questions make me sick мне надоели ваши вопросы, меня тошнит от ваших вопросов; hot weather makes some people sleepy в жару некоторых людей клонит ко сну; it will make you ridiculous in their eyes это выставит вас в смешном свете в их глазах; make it flat сплющить что-л. || make it worth smb.'s while компенсировать кому-л. что-л.; if you help me with this job I'll make it worth your while если вы поможете мне в этом [деле], я в долгу не останусь / вы не будете внакладе/: make oneself (one's point) clear ясно излагать свои мысли (аргументы)2) make smb. be in some state what makes you so late? что вас так задержало?, отчего вы так опоздали?; it made her more careful после этого она стала осторожнее7. VII1) make smb., smth. do smth. make smb. stop (go, laugh, cry, sign a statement, repeat a story, fall asleep, etc.) заставить кого-л. остановиться и т. д.: they made me feel ashamed они меня смутили; make smb. understand а) заставить кого-л. понять; б) дать кому-л. понять; don't make me do it не вынуждай меня это делать / к этому/; I can make him believe anything I choose я могу убедить его в чем угодно; it makes me think you are right это убеждает меня в вашей правоте; I can't make anyone hear не могу достучаться или дозваться, дозвониться к кому-л.; make an engine start завести мотор; make the kettle boil вскипятить чайник; make water boil довести воду до кипения; I can't make the fire burn никак не могу разжечь костер или развести огонь; what makes the grass grow so quickly? отчего трава растет так быстро?; the wind made the bells ring колокольчики звенели на ветру: onions make our eyes smart от лука [у нас] щиплет глаза; his account made our hair stand on end от его рассказа у нас волосы встали дыбом || make smth. do обходиться чем-л.: there is not much money but I'll make it do денег немного, но я постараюсь, чтобы их хватило; I shall have to make this coat do for a bit longer придется еще немного походить в старом пальто id make both ends meet сводить концы с концами2) make smb. do smth. most of the chronicles make the king die in 1026 согласно большинству хроник король умер в тысяча двадцать шестом году; some scholars make Homer come from one city, others from another ученые спорят о месте рождения Гомера8. IXmake smth., smb. done make the results (the news, his arrival, the invention, etc.) known обнародовать результаты и т. д., сообщить о результатах и т. д., make smth. felt сделать что-л. ощутимым; make oneself known а) назвать себя; б) заставить о себе говорить, заявить о себе, добиться известности; make him known to my father познакомить его с моим отцом, представить его моему отцу; make oneself understood ясно изъясняться; сан you make yourself understood in English? вас понимают, когда вы говорите по-английски?; he couldn't make himself /his voice/ heard above the noise of the traffic он не мог перекричать уличный шум, его не было слышно из-за уличного шума; we must make him respected необходимо вызвать к нему уважение /заставить людей уважать его/9. XI1) be made somewhere be made in England (in France, etc.) производиться /выпускаться/ в Англии и т. д. ; made in USSR сделано в СССР; be made in a factory производиться /делаться/ на фабрике; be made of (with, from, into) smth. be made of wood (of silk, of plastic, etc.) быть [сделанным] из дерева и т. д., this cloth is made of cotton эта ткань делается из хлопка; what is this made of? из чего это сделано?; а bow is made of stick and string лук делается из палки и бечевки; cheese is made from milk (cereal is made from grain, rubber is made from sap, etc.) сыр делают из молока и т. д., gas is made from coal газ производят из каменного угля; wool is made into cloth из шерсти делают /ткут/ ткань; grapes are made into raisins из винограда сушат изюм; the skin of the walrus is made into leather из шкуры моржа выделывают кожу; their food is always made with garlic в пищу они всегда добавляют чеснок; I like my coffee made with milk я люблю кофе [приготовленный] с молоком; be made for smb., smth. these houses are made for our workers эти дома построены для наших рабочих; this hat was made for you эту шляпку сделали [специально] для вас; this car is made for speed эти автомашины производятся специально для скоростной езды; be made with /by/ smth. this can be made with a knife это можно сделать ножом; this tool is made by a very intricate process изготовление этого инструмента сопряжено с большими сложностями; this thing is made by hand (by machinery) эту вещь делают вручную (на машине); be made by smb., smth. this was made by my friend это сделал (построил, создал и т. п.) мой друг; these experiments are made by robots эти опыты выполняют роботы; this grotto was not made by nature, it was made by man это не естественный грот, он создан человеком || be made to order (to measure) быть сделанным /сшитым/ на заказ; all his clothes are made to order он шьет все свои вещи [у портного], он делает все свои вещи на заказ id be made of different stuff быть совсем другим человеком, make быть сделанным из другого теста; let them all see what you are made of пусть все видят, что ты за человек /чего ты стоишь/; а first-class job was made of his house его дом прекрасно отремонтировали2) be made the decision is made решение вынесено; be made at some time unless a move is made very soon, it will be too late если в ближайшее время что-либо не сделают, будет слишком поздно; be made by smb. the first move was made by my brother первый шаг сделал мой брат; be made of smth. effective use was made of this money эти деньги были потрачены с пользой; be made for smth. these rules were made for a special purpose эти правила были составлены с особой целью; be made to do smth. the regulations were made to protect children эти правила созданы /выработаны/ для защиты детей || note should be made следует обратить внимание; а careful note should be made of what he says нужно внимательно отнестись /прислушаться/ к тому, что он говорит3) be made smb. he was made commander-in-chief (general manager, president of the club, a judge, etc.) его назначили главнокомандующим и т. д., he was made an officer его произвели в офицеры; he was made a knight он был посвящен в рыцари; he was made prisoner его взяли в плен; be made by smb., smth. the recommendation was made by the committee эта рекомендация была предложена комиссией; the writer was made by his first book с первой же книги его признали настоящим писателем; be made for smb. they are made for each other они созданы друг для друга4) be made to be of some state be made known придать гласность; the results are to be made known on application результаты сообщают, если подано соответствующее заявление; the full story was never made public все подробности этой истории так и не стали достоянием общественности; be made about smth., smb. much fuss has been made about it (about the affair, about her, etc.) вокруг этого и т. д. была поднята большая шумиха; be made to do smth. the pupil was made to write his biography (to speak up, to stay after lessons, etc.) ученика заставили написать свою биографию и т. д.; the crowd was made to disperse толпу разогнали; these two statements cannot be made to agree эти два заявления противоречат друг другу5) be made on (out of, by, etc.) smth. how much will be made on the business? какой доход будет получен от этого предприятия /даст это предприятие/?; а good deal of capital will be made out of this это принесет солидный капитал: I have по desire for money that has been made by dishonest means я не хочу брать деньги, заработанные нечестным путем6) be made of smth. nothing could be made of the scribble in his note books (of her note, of his mumbling, etc,) ничего нельзя было понять из каракулей в его тетради и т. д.7) be made with smb. a treaty has been made with other countries был заключен договор с другими странами10. XIIhave smth. made for smth. I must have a coat made for the winter мне нужно отдать сшить зимнее пальто11. XIII1) || make believe делать вид; he made believe to work hard (to throw a ball, not to know anything, etc.) он делал вид, что он усердно работает и т. д., make believe to be a scholar воображать себя ученым2) semiaux make to do smth. he made to go он хотел было уйти; he made to stop me он попытался было остановить меня; he made to snatch her bag он рванулся вперед, чтобы вы хватить у нее сумку3) · make do with (without, on) smth. I will have to make do with cold meat for dinner (with a very short holiday, with an old wireless set, etc.) мне придется довольствоваться холодным мясом вместо обеда и т. д.; I shall have to make do without a coat придется мне обойтись без пальто; I don't know how she makes do on so small an income не знаю, как она сводит концы с концами при таком небольшом заработке; I shall make do on biscuits and cheese сыра и галет мне будет достаточно12. XV1) || make good coll. добиться успеха; I never believed that he would make good я никогда не верил, что он чего-нибудь добьется; talent and education are necessary to make good in this field чтобы добиться успеха в этой области, необходимы талант и образование2) || make good smth. оправдывать что-л.; he made good his promise он выполнил /сдержал/ свое обещание; she made good her claims она доказала справедливость или законность своих притязаний: you will have to make good your boast тебе придется доказать, что это не пустое хвастовство; make good its title tic) be ranked as an independent science обосновать /доказать/ свое право считаться самостоятельной наукой; make good the damage (the shortage, the loss, etc.) возмещать убытки и т. д. ; any money that you cannot account for you will have to make good тебе придется возместить /вернуть/ все деньги, за которые ты не сумеешь отчитаться3) 0 || make sure /certain/ быть уверенным или удостовериться; have you made sure of the facts (of the timetable, of the results, etc.)? вы проверили факты и т. д.?, вы убеждены в правильности фактов и т. д.?; if you want to make sure of a seat you had better book in advance если вы хотите наверняка иметь билет, закажите его заранее / заблаговременно/; first they made sure of him сначала они [проверили его и] убедились в его надежности; I want to make sure of catching her (of getting there in time, of having a good seat, of his answering the letter, etc.) я хочу быть уверенным, что застану ее и т. д.,make sure that the letter was delivered (that the doors are locked, that there is no one here, etc.) убедиться, что письмо доставлено и т. д.; will you please make sure that they are all here? проверьте, пожалуйста, все ли она пришли; I made certain that he would do so я был уверен, что он так и поступит; make bold осмеливаться; make bold to ask a favour (to call on you, to express my opinion, etc.) осмелиться просить об одолжении и т. д.; I make bold to say that he knows nothing about it осмелюсь утверждать, что он ничего об этом не знает; make light of smth. не придавать чему-л. особого значения; she made light of her troubles (of this accident, of a situation, of other people's illness, etc.) она легко относится к своим неприятностям и т. д., она особенно не переживает из-за своих неприятностей и т. д.; make ready подготовиться; make merry веселиться; make merry over his victory радоваться /веселиться/ по случаю его победы; make free with smth. пользоваться чем-л., не стесняясь13. XVI1) make after smb. make after the fox (after the rabbit, after the escaped convict, etc.) броситься /пуститься/ преследовать лису и т. д., she made after him like a mad woman она как безумная бросилась за ним; in the morning we made after them утром мы пустились за ними вслед; make at smb. he gave a shout and made at me он издал крик и (на)бросился на меня; the dog made at the postman собака накинулась на почтальона; the angry woman made at me with her umbrella рассерженная женщина (накинулась на меня с зонтиком; make for /toward/ smb., smth. make for the crowd (for the sea, for the nearest town, toward a distant hill, for home, etc.) двигаться по направлению /направляться/ к толпе и т. д., he quickly made for /toward/ the door он бросился к двери; she made for the sound of guns она пошла туда, откуда раздавались выстрелы; the dog made for the robber собака бросилась за грабителем; make for the open sea направиться в открытое море2) make on smth. coll. make on this business (on shares, on oil, etc.) заработать на этом деле и т. д., he made pretty handsomely on that bargain он неплохо заработал /нажился/ на этой сделке3) 0 make for smth. make for better understanding between countries ( for the happiness of all, for a friendly atmosphere in the club, for peace, for stability of marriage, etc.) способствовать лучшему взаимопониманию между странами и т. д.; does early rising make for good health? полезно ли для здоровья рано вставать?; that weather makes for optimism в такую погоду и настроение хорошее; new facts made for the prisoner's acquittal новые факты ускорили вынесение /помогли вынесению/ оправдательного приговора заключенному; make against smth. experience makes against this assertion опыт опровергает это утверждение; your behaviour makes against your chance of success ваше поведение не способствует /мешает/ вашему успеху14. XXI11) make smth. out of /from, of, with/ smth. make bottles out of glass (bricks of clay, flour from wheat, a box out of a bit of mahogany, etc.) делать бутылки из стекла и т. д., make wreaths of daisies плести венки из маргариток; make a megaphone of one's hands сложить руки рупором; the cake was spoilt as she made it with a bad egg торт был испорчен, так как она положила в тесто несвежее яйцо; what do you make with flour (with the eggs, with these things, etc.)? что вы делаете из муки и т. д.?; what will you make with all these flowers? что вы будете делать с таким количеством цветов?; what can you make out of this stuff? что ты можешь сделать / сшить/ из этого материала?; make smth. in smth. make a hole in the ground выкопать яму в земле; make a gap in the hedge проделать лаз /дыру/ в изгороди; it made a hole /а dent/ in my savings (in my reserves, in smb.'s finances, etc.) от этого пострадали мои сбережения и т. д., make smth. for smth. make an opening for the wires сделать входное отверстие для проводов; make a hole for a tree выкопать яму под дерево; he made a bookcase for his apartment он сам сделал в своей квартире книжный шкаф; make smth. into smth. make milk into cheese and butter (hide into leather, wood into pulp, etc.) перерабатывать молоко на масло и сыр и т. д.; make these huts into temporary houses (it into a stock company, the desert into a garden, etc.) превращать эти хижины во временное жилье и т. д., make these books into bundles связать книги в пачки; make a story into a play переделать повесть в пьесу2) make smth. of smb. make an example of smb. ставить кого-л. в пример; make fun of smb. подшучивать или издеваться над кем-л.; make a laughing-stock of smb. сделать кого-л. посмешищем, выставлять кого-л. в смешном виде; make a fool /an ass/ of him (of her husband, etc.) делать из него и т. д. дурака; make a fool (a beast, a pig, etc.) of oneself вести себя как дурак и т. д., make a nuisance of oneself надоедать /докучать, досаждать/ кому-л.; make an exhibition /а spectacle, a show/ of oneself привлекать к себе внимание; make smth. of smth. make a profession of smth. сделать что-л. своей профессией; make a business of politics заниматься политикой профессионально; make a parade / a show/ of one's talents щеголять /кичиться/ своими талантами; make a boast of smth. хвастаться / хвалиться/ чем-л.; make a secret of smth. делать из чего-л. тайну /секрет/; he was asked to help but he made a hash /a muddle, a mess/ of everything его просили помочь, а он все испортил; make hell of smb.'s life превратить чью-л. жизнь в ад; make a note of his telephone number записать номер его телефона; make notes of a lecture записать лекцию; you must make a mental note of what he is saying вы должны запомнить /взять на заметку/, что он говорят; don't make a habit of it смотри, чтобы это не превратилось в привычку; make the most of smth. максимально использовать что-л.; make the best of one's delay (of this scanty information, of his absence, etc.) наилучшим образом /наиболее эффективно/ использовать задержку и т. д.; make a good thing of it извлечь из этого пользу; make good use of this opportunity воспользоваться предоставившейся возможностью; make a good (a bad) job of smth. хорошо (плохо) справиться с чем-л.; make smth. for smb., smth. make a name for oneself стать известным; make a reputation for oneself создать себе репутацию; make allowance (s) for circumstances (for smb.'s inexperience, for her age, etc.) делать скидку на обстоятельства и т. д.; make arrangements for a meeting (for a party, for a dance, for their departure, etc.) подготовить собрание и т. д., make much for the peace of the world много сделать для сохранения мира; make smb., smth. with smb. make friends with smb. подружиться с кем-л., наладить с кем-л. дружеские отношения; а quarrel with smb. поссориться с кем-л.; make peace with smb. помириться с кем-л.; make smth. in (on, etc.) smth., smb. make a name in the world снискать мировую славу, приобрести известность во всем мире; make an impression on smb. производить на кого-л. впечатление; make war upon smb., smth. a) идти войной на кого-л., что-л.; б) вести войну с кем-л., чем-л. || make love to smb. а) ласкать кого-л., заниматься любовью с кем-л., б) ухаживать за кем-л.; говорить кому-л. ласковые слова3) make smb. of smb. his parents want to make a doctor (a lawyer, a soldier, an actor, etc.) of their son родители хотят, чтобы их сын стал врачом и т. д., make a man of him сделать из него человека; make a friend of her children подружиться с ее детьми; make a friend of an enemy превратить врага в друга; make smb. into smb. make them into slaves (him into a bully, her into a sophisticated hostess, etc.) превратить их в /сделать из них/ рабов и т. д.4) make smth. over smth. make a fuss (a row, a scandal, etc.) over smth. поднимать шум и т. д. по какому-л. поводу; make a to-do over a trifle поднимать шумиху из-за пустяка5) make smth. for smth. make a dash for the open window (a bolt for the door, a bee-line for the gates, etc.) броситься к открытому окну и т. д., make smth. to smth. make one's way to the station (to the river, to the house, back to the tower, etc.) пойти /направиться/ к станции и т. д., make smth. by smth. make the crossing by ferry переправиться на пароме; make smth. at smb. make a grab at him попытаться схватить его || it's time we were making tracks for home нам уже пора повернуть к дому6) make some distance in some time we made the whole distance in ten days мы прошли весь путь /покрыли все расстояние/ за десять дней; we've made 80 miles since noon с полудня мы проделали восемьдесят миль7) make smth. in some time the train will make Moscow in five hours поезд будет в Москве через пять часов8) make smth. at /in/ smth. make good grades at school получать [в школе] хорошие отметки, хорошо учиться; make the highest score in the match получать в этом матче больше всех очков /самый лучший результат/; make one's way in the world преуспеть, добиться успеха || coll. he'll make it through college ему удастся окончить колледж; he made six towns on this trip во время этой поездки он посетил шесть городов /побывал в шести городах/9) make smth. by (out of, from, in, etc.) smth. make a good deal by it хорошо на этом заработать; make much profit out of this undertaking извлекать большую выгоду из этого предприятия; he made a great fortune out of tea он составил большое состояние на торговле чаем; make a great deal of money in oil много заработать на нефти; make a living from literary work зарабатывать [на жизнь] литературным трудом; make a loss on the transaction потерпеть /понести/ убытки на этой сделке10) make smth. of smth., smb. read this letter and tell me what you make of it прочтите это письмо и скажите, как вы его расцениваете; what do you make of the new assistant? какое у тебя впечатление /что ты думаешь/ о новом помощнике?; make much of this article ( of her work, of this man, etc.) быть высокого мнения об этой статье и т. д., newspapers made much of his achievements газеты превозносили его успехи; she makes too much of the boy уж слишком она носится с этим мальчиком; make little of smth., smb. относиться пренебрежительно к чему-л., кому-л., не считаться с чем-л., кем-л.; he made little of his feat он принижал значение своего героического поступка11) make smth. of smth. I could make nothing of his words (of all this scribble, of her letter, etc.) я ничего не мог понять из его слов и т. д., его слова были мне совершенно непонятны и т. д., you will make more of it than I вы в этом лучше разберетесь [, чем я]; I can make no sense of what he says я не вижу никакого смысла в том, что он говорит; what are we to make of his behaviour? как нам следует /нам прикажете/ понимать его поведение?12) make smth. with smb. they made a bargain with him они заключили с ним сделку || make a settlement on smb. распорядиться имуществом в пользу кого-л.13) semiaux make smth. for smb. make room for smb. [подвинуться и] дать кому-л. место; can you make room for one more man? найдется место еще для одного человека?; make way for others посторониться, дать дорогу другим; make smth. at smb. he made a face at them он состроил им рожу; don't make eyes at him не строй ему глазки14) 0 make smth. in some time he will make a sergeant in six months через шесть месяцев он станет сержантом15. XXII1) make smth. of doing smth. make a practice of working in his garden in the morning (of helping others, of doing his exercises in front of an open window, etc.) взять за правило по утрам работать в его саду и т. д.; he makes a practice of cheating он всегда обманывает; make a point of being on time у него принцип make не опаздывать /быть пунктуальным/; she made it a point of being very patient with these children она особенно старалась быть терпеливой с этими детьми2) make smth. by doing smth. make one's living by giving piano lessons (by writing books for children, by selling flowers, etc.) зарабатывать на жизнь уроками игры на фортепиано и т. д.; she makes money by nursing она зарабатывает деньги, ухаживая за больными; she made her name by writing memoirs она прославилась своими мемуарами16. XXIV1|| make it as smb. coll. добиться успеха, будучи кем-л.; I wanted to make it as a writer мне хотелось добиться успеха на писательском поприще17. XXVImake smth. [that]... this makes the fifth time you've failed this examination ты уже [в] пятый раз проваливаешься на этом экзамене -
13 be
1. verb,Ex:we are — neg. (coll.) aren't; p.t. I was, neg. (coll.) wasn't, we were, neg. (coll.) weren't; pres. p. being; p.p. been copula/Ex:1) (indicating quality or attribute) seinshe is a mother/an Italian — sie ist Mutter/Italienerin
being a Frenchman, he likes wine — als Franzose trinkt er gern Wein
he is being nice to them/sarcastic — er ist nett zu ihnen/jetzt ist er sarkastisch
2) in exclamationwas she pleased! — war sie [vielleicht] froh!
aren't you a big boy! — was bist du schon für ein großer Junge!
3) will be (indicating supposition)[I dare say] you'll be a big boy by now — du bist jetzt sicher schon ein großer Junge
you'll be relieved to hear that — du wirst erleichtert sein, das zu hören
4) (indicating physical or mental welfare or state) sein; sich fühlenI am freezing — mich friert es
how are you/is she? — wie geht's (ugs.) /geht es ihr?
it is the 5th today — heute haben wir den Fünften
it is she, it's her — sie ist's
if I were you — an deiner Stelle
6) (indicating profession, pastime, etc.)be a teacher/a footballer — Lehrer/Fußballer sein
7) with possessiveit is hers — es ist ihrs; es gehört ihr
8) (cost) kostenhow much are the eggs? — was kosten die Eier?
9) (equal) seintwo times three is six, two threes are six — zweimal drei ist od. sind od. gibt sechs
sixteen ounces is a pound — sechzehn Unzen sind od. ergeben ein Pfund
10) (constitute) bildenLondon is not England — London ist nicht [gleich] England
11) (mean) bedeuten2. intransitive verb1) (exist) [vorhanden] sein; existierencan such things be? — kann es so etwas geben?; kann so etwas vorkommen?
I think, therefore I am — ich denke, also bin ich
there is/are... — es gibt...
be that as it may — wie dem auch sei
2) (remain) bleibenI shan't be a moment or second — ich komme gleich; noch eine Minute
she has been in her room for hours — sie ist schon seit Stunden in ihrem Zimmer
let him/her be — lass ihn/sie in Ruhe
3) (happen) stattfinden; seinwhere will the party be? — wo ist die Party?; wo findet die Party statt?
be off with you! — geh/geht!
I'm off or for home — ich gehe jetzt nach Hause
she's from Australia — sie stammt od. ist aus Australien
5) (on visit etc.) seinhave you [ever] been to London? — bist du schon einmal in London gewesen?
has anyone been? — ist jemand da gewesen?
6)she's been and tidied the room — (coll.) sie hat doch wirklich das Zimmer aufgeräumt
the children have been at the biscuits — die Kinder waren an den Keksen (ugs.)
3. auxiliary verbI've been into this matter — ich habe mich mit der Sache befasst
1) forming passive werden2) forming continuous tenses, activehe is reading — er liest [gerade]; er ist beim Lesen
I am leaving tomorrow — ich reise morgen [ab]
3) forming continuous tenses, passivethe house is/was being built — das Haus wird/wurde [gerade] gebaut
4) (expr. obligation)5) (expr. arrangement)the Queen is to arrive at 3 p.m. — die Königin soll um 15 Uhr eintreffen
6) (expr. possibility)7) (expr. destiny)8) (expr. condition)4.if I were to tell you that..., were I to tell you that... — wenn ich dir sagen würde, dass...
bride-/husband-to-be — zukünftige Braut/zukünftiger Ehemann
mother-/father-to-be — werdende Mutter/werdender Vater
* * *['bi: ɡi:]( abbreviation) (Bachelor of Engineering; first degree in Engineering.)* * *be<was, been>[bi:, bi]vi + n/adj1. (describes) seinshe's quite rich/ugly sie ist ziemlich reich/hässlichwhat is that? was ist das?she's a doctor sie ist Ärztinwhat do you want to \be when you grow up? was willst du einmal werden, wenn du erwachsen bist?you need to \be certain before you make an accusation like that du musst dir ganz sicher sein, bevor du so eine Anschuldigung vorbringst“may I \be of service Madam?” the waiter asked „kann ich Ihnen behilflich sein, gnädige Frau?“ fragte der Kellnerto \be able to do sth etw tun können, in der Lage sein, etw zu tunto \be from a country/a town aus einem Land/einer Stadt kommen2. (composition) sein, bestehen ausis this plate pure gold? ist dieser Teller aus reinem Gold?3. (opinion)4. (calculation) sein, machen, kostentwo and two is four zwei und zwei ist vierthese books are 50p each diese Bücher kosten jeweils 50p5. (timing)to \be late/[right] on time zu spät/[genau] rechtzeitig kommenthe keys are in that box die Schlüssel befinden sich in der Schachtelthe food was on the table das Essen stand auf dem Tischhe's not here er ist nicht dato \be in a bad situation/trouble in einer schwierigen Situation/Schwierigkeiten seinthe postman hasn't been yet der Briefträger war noch nicht daI've never been to Kenya ich bin noch nie in Kenia gewesen8. (take place) stattfindenthe meeting is next Tuesday die Konferenz findet am nächsten Montag statt9. (do) seinto \be on benefit [or AM welfare] Sozialhilfe bekommen [o SCHWEIZ beziehen], Sozialhilfeempfänger/Sozialhilfeempfängerin seinto \be on a diet auf Diät seinto \be on the pill die Pille nehmento \be on standby/on holiday in [Ruf]bereitschaft/im Urlaub sein▪ to \be up to sth etw im Schild[e] führenlet her \be! lass sie in Ruhe!to \be or not to \be, that is the question Sein oder Nichtsein, das ist die Fragethere is/are... es gibt...can it [really] \be that...? ( form) ist es [tatsächlich] möglich, dass...?is it that...? ( form) kann es sein, dass...?12. (expresses ability)sth is to \be done etw kann getan werdenthe exhibition is currently to \be seen at the City Gallery die Ausstellung ist zurzeit in der Stadtgalerie zu besichtigen13.▪ to not \be to do sth etw nicht dürfenwhat are we to do? was sollen wir tun?you're to sit in the corner and keep quiet du sollst dich in die Ecke setzen und ruhig sein14.we are to visit Australia in the spring im Frühling reisen wir nach Australien; (expresses future in past)she was never to see her brother again sie sollte ihren Bruder nie mehr wiedersehen; (in conditionals)if I were you, I'd... an deiner Stelle würde ich...if he was to work harder, he'd get better grades wenn er härter arbeiten würde, bekäme er bessere Notenwere sb to do sth,... ( form) würde jd etw tun,...were I to refuse, they'd be very annoyed würde ich mich weigern, wären sie äußerst verärgert15. (impersonal use)what is it? was ist?what's it to \be? (what are you drinking) was möchten Sie trinken?; (please decide now) was soll es denn [nun] sein?it is only fair for me es erscheint mir nur fairis it true that you were asked to resign? stimmt es, dass man dir nahegelegt hat, dein Amt niederzulegen?it's not that I don't like her — it's just that we rarely agree on anything es ist nicht so, dass ich sie nicht mag — wir sind nur selten einer Meinungas it were sozusagen, gleichsam\be quiet or I'll...! sei still oder ich...!\be yourself! sei du selbst! [o ganz natürlich!17. (expresses continuation)▪ to \be doing sth gerade etw tundon't talk about that while I'm eating sprich nicht davon, während ich beim Essen binshe's studying to be a lawyer sie studiert, um Rechtsanwältin zu werdenit's raining es regnetyou're always complaining du beklagst dich dauernd18. (expresses passive)to \be asked/pushed gefragt/gestoßen werdento \be be discovered by sb von jdm gefunden werdento \be left an orphan als Waise zurückbleibento \be left speechless sprachlos sein19.▶ the \be-all and end-all das Ein und Alles [o A und O]▶ far \be it from sb to do sth nichts liegt jdm ferner, als etw zu tun▶ to \be off form nicht in Form sein▶ the joke is on sb jd ist der Dumme▶ \be that as it may wie dem auch sei\be off with you! go away! geh! hau ab! fam* * *[biː] pres am, is, are, pret was, were, ptp been1. COPULATIVE VERB1) with adjective, noun, pronoun seinwho's that? – it's me/that's Mary — wer ist das? – ich bins/das ist Mary
he is a soldier/a German — er ist Soldat/Deutscher
he wants to be a doctor — er möchte Arzt werden Note that the article is used in German only when the noun is qualified by an adjective.
he's a good student/a true Englishman — er ist ein guter Student/ein echter Engländer
2)referring to physical, mental state
how are you? — wie gehts?she's not at all well — es geht ihr gar nicht gut
to be hungry/thirsty — Hunger/Durst haben, hungrig/durstig sein
I am hot/cold/frozen — mir ist heiß/kalt/eiskalt
3) age seinhow old is she? —
4) = cost kostentwo times two is or are four — zwei mal zwei ist or sind or gibt vier
6) with possessive gehören (+dat)that book is your brother's/his — das Buch gehört Ihrem Bruder/ihm, das ist das Buch Ihres Bruders/das ist sein Buch
7)was he pleased to hear it! — er war vielleicht froh, das zu hören!but wasn't she glad when... — hat sie sich vielleicht gefreut, als...
8) Brit infhow are you for a beer? — hast du Lust auf ein Bier?
2. AUXILIARY VERB1)Note how German uses the simple tense:what are you doing? — was machst du da?they're coming tomorrow — sie kommen morgen Note how German uses the present tense:
you will be hearing from us — Sie hören von uns, Sie werden von uns hören Note the use of bei + infinitive:
we're just drinking coffee —
I was packing my case when... — ich war gerade beim Kofferpacken, als...
2) in passive constructions werdenhe was run over — er ist überfahren worden, er wurde überfahren
it is/was being repaired — es wird/wurde gerade repariert
I will not be intimidated — ich lasse mich nicht einschüchtern __diams; to be/not to be...
they are shortly to be married — sie werden bald heiraten
she was to be/was to have been dismissed but... — sie sollte entlassen werden, aber.../sie hätte entlassen werden sollen, aber...
he is to be pitied/not to be envied —
what is to be done? — was ist zu tun?, was soll geschehen?
I wasn't to tell you his name — ich sollte or durfte Ihnen nicht sagen, wie er heißt; (but I did) ich hätte Ihnen eigentlich nicht sagen sollen or dürfen, wie er heißt
he was not to be persuaded — er war nicht zu überreden, er ließ sich nicht überreden
if it were or was to snow — falls or wenn es schneien sollte
3)in tag questions/short answers
he's always late, isn't he? – yes he is — er kommt doch immer zu spät, nicht? – ja, das stimmtyou're not ill, are you? – yes I am/no I'm not — Sie sind doch nicht (etwa) krank? – doch!/nein
it's all done, is it? – yes it is/no it isn't — es ist also alles erledigt? – ja/nein
3. INTRANSITIVE VERB1) sein; (= remain) bleibenI'm going to Berlin – how long will you be there? — ich gehe nach Berlin – wie lange wirst du dort bleiben?
he is there at the moment but he won't be much longer — im Augenblick ist er dort, aber nicht mehr lange
we've been here a long time —
let me/him be — lass mich/ihn (in Ruhe)
3)= visit, call
I've been to Paris — ich war schon (ein)mal in Parishe has been and gone — er war da und ist wieder gegangen
I've just been and (gone and) broken it! — jetzt hab ichs tatsächlich kaputt gemacht (inf)
4)= like to have
who's for coffee/tee/biscuits? — wer möchte (gerne)Kaffee/Tee/Kekse?here is a book/are two books — hier ist ein Buch/sind zwei Bücher
there he was sitting at the table — da saß er nun am Tisch
4. IMPERSONAL VERBseinit is dark/morning — es ist dunkel/Morgen
tomorrow is Friday/the 14th of June — morgen ist Freitag/der 14. Juni, morgen haben wir Freitag/den 14. Juni
it is 5 km to the nearest town — es sind 5 km bis zur nächsten Stadt
who found it —
it was me or I (form) who said it first — ICH habe es zuerst gesagt, ich war derjenige, der es zuerst gesagt hat
were it not for the fact that I am a teacher, I would... —
were it not for him, if it weren't or wasn't for him — wenn er nicht wäre
* * *be [biː] 1. sg präs am [æm], 2. sg präs are [ɑː(r)], obs art [ɑː(r)t], 3. sg präs is [ız], pl präs are [ɑː(r)], 1. und 3. sg prät was [wɒz; wəz; US wɑz], 2. sg prät were [wɜː; US wɜr], pl prät were [wɜː; US wɜr], pperf been [biːn; bın], ppr being [ˈbiːıŋ]A v/aux1. sein (mit dem pperf zur Bildung des Passivs):he is gone er ist weg;I am come obs ich bin da2. werden (mit dem pperf zur Bildung des passiv):the register was signed das Protokoll wurde unterzeichnet;we were appealed to man wandte sich an uns;you will be sent for man wird Sie holen lassenhe is to be pitied er ist zu bedauern;he is to die er muss oder soll sterben;it is not to be seen es ist nicht zu sehen;he was to become a great writer er sollte ein großer Schriftsteller werden;it was not to be es sollte nicht sein, es hat nicht sollen sein;if I were to die wenn ich sterben sollte4. (mit dem ppr eines anderen Verbs zur Bildung der Verlaufsform):he is reading er liest (eben oder gerade), er ist beim Lesen;he was smoking when the teacher entered er rauchte (gerade), als der Lehrer hereinkam;I am going to Paris tomorrow ich fahre morgen nach Paris6. (als Kopula) sein:B v/i1. (Zustand oder Beschaffenheit bezeichnend) sein, sich befinden, der Fall sein:the mirror is too high der Spiegel hängt zu hoch;they are for export only sie sind nur für den Export bestimmt;where was I? wo war ich stehen geblieben?;let him be lass ihn in Ruhe!;be it so, so be it, let it be so gut so, so sei es;be it that … gesetzt den Fall, (dass) …;how is it that …? wie kommt es, dass …?;be that as it may wie dem auch sei2. (vorhanden) sein, bestehen, existieren:I think, therefore I am ich denke, also bin ich;he is no more er ist (lebt) nicht mehr;to be or not to be, that is the question Sein oder Nichtsein, das ist hier die Frage3. a) geschehen, stattfinden, vor sich gehen, sein:when will the meeting be? wann findet die Versammlung statt?b) gehen, fahren (Bus etc):when is the next bus?4. (beruflich oder altersmäßig) werden:I’ll be an engineer ich werde Ingenieur (wenn ich erwachsen bin);what do you want to be when you grow up? was willst du einmal werden?;you should have been a priest du hättest Priester werden sollen;I’ll be 50 next month ich werde nächsten Monat 50;she was 26 last month sie wurde letzten Monat 265. (eine bestimmte Zeit) her sein:it is ten years since he died es ist zehn Jahre her, dass er starb; er starb vor zehn Jahren6. (aus)gegangen sein (mit Formen der Vergangenheit und Angabe des Zieles der Bewegung):he had been to town er war in die Stadt gegangen;he had been bathing er war baden (gegangen);I won’t be long ich werde nicht lange wegbleiben7. (mit dem Possessiv) gehören:this book is my sister’s das Buch gehört meiner Schwester;are these glasses yours? gehört die Brille dir?, ist das deine Brille?8. stammen ( from aus):he is from Liverpool er ist oder stammt aus Liverpool9. a) kosten:how much are the gloves? was kosten die Handschuhe?b) betragen (Preis):that’ll be £4.15 das macht 4 Pfund 1510. bedeuten:what is that to me? was kümmert mich das?11. zur Bekräftigung der bejahenden oder verneinenden Antwort: are these your cigarettes? yes, they are (no, they aren’t) ja (nein)12. dauern:it will probably be some time before … es wird wahrscheinlich einige Zeit dauern, bis …13. FILM, TV mitwirken (in in dat):be an hour in going to … eine Stunde brauchen, um nach … zu gehen;has any one been? umg ist jemand da gewesen?;the government that is (was) die gegenwärtige (vergangene) Regierung;my wife that is to be obs meine zukünftige Frau;I am next, am I not (od umg aren’t I) ? ich bin der Nächste, nicht wahr?;he is not dead, is he? er ist doch nicht (etwa) tot?;have you ever been to Rome? sind Sie schon einmal in Rom gewesen?;we have been into the matter wir haben uns damit (bereits) befasst;I’ve been through all this before ich hab das alles schon einmal mitgemacht* * *1. verb,Ex:we are — neg. (coll.) aren't; p.t. I was, neg. (coll.) wasn't, we were, neg. (coll.) weren't; pres. p. being; p.p. been copula/Ex:she is a mother/an Italian — sie ist Mutter/Italienerin
being a Frenchman, he likes wine — als Franzose trinkt er gern Wein
he is being nice to them/sarcastic — er ist nett zu ihnen/jetzt ist er sarkastisch
2) in exclamationwas she pleased! — war sie [vielleicht] froh!
3) will be (indicating supposition)[I dare say] you'll be a big boy by now — du bist jetzt sicher schon ein großer Junge
you'll be relieved to hear that — du wirst erleichtert sein, das zu hören
4) (indicating physical or mental welfare or state) sein; sich fühlenhow are you/is she? — wie geht's (ugs.) /geht es ihr?
it is she, it's her — sie ist's
6) (indicating profession, pastime, etc.)be a teacher/a footballer — Lehrer/Fußballer sein
7) with possessiveit is hers — es ist ihrs; es gehört ihr
8) (cost) kosten9) (equal) seintwo times three is six, two threes are six — zweimal drei ist od. sind od. gibt sechs
sixteen ounces is a pound — sechzehn Unzen sind od. ergeben ein Pfund
10) (constitute) bildenLondon is not England — London ist nicht [gleich] England
11) (mean) bedeuten2. intransitive verb1) (exist) [vorhanden] sein; existierencan such things be? — kann es so etwas geben?; kann so etwas vorkommen?
I think, therefore I am — ich denke, also bin ich
there is/are... — es gibt...
2) (remain) bleibenI shan't be a moment or second — ich komme gleich; noch eine Minute
let him/her be — lass ihn/sie in Ruhe
3) (happen) stattfinden; seinwhere will the party be? — wo ist die Party?; wo findet die Party statt?
4) (go, come)be off with you! — geh/geht!
I'm off or for home — ich gehe jetzt nach Hause
she's from Australia — sie stammt od. ist aus Australien
5) (on visit etc.) seinhave you [ever] been to London? — bist du schon einmal in London gewesen?
6)3. auxiliary verbshe's been and tidied the room — (coll.) sie hat doch wirklich das Zimmer aufgeräumt
1) forming passive werden2) forming continuous tenses, activehe is reading — er liest [gerade]; er ist beim Lesen
I am leaving tomorrow — ich reise morgen [ab]
the train was departing when I got there — der Zug fuhr gerade ab, als ich ankam
3) forming continuous tenses, passivethe house is/was being built — das Haus wird/wurde [gerade] gebaut
4) (expr. obligation)5) (expr. arrangement)the Queen is to arrive at 3 p.m. — die Königin soll um 15 Uhr eintreffen
6) (expr. possibility)7) (expr. destiny)8) (expr. condition)4.if I were to tell you that..., were I to tell you that... — wenn ich dir sagen würde, dass...
bride-/husband-to-be — zukünftige Braut/zukünftiger Ehemann
mother-/father-to-be — werdende Mutter/werdender Vater
* * *(in a state of) shock expr.einen Schock haben ausdr. (left) stranded expr.auf dem trockenen sitzen ausdr.aufgeschmissen sein ausdr. (on a) level with expr.auf dem gleichen Niveau stehen wie ausdr.auf gleicher Höhe sein mit ausdr.genauso hoch sein wie ausdr. v.(§ p.,p.p.: was, were, been)= sein v.(§ p.,pp.: war, ist gewesen)sich befinden v.sich fühlen v. -
14 take
1. [teık] n1. 1) захват, взятие; получение2) шахм. взятие ( фигуры)2. 1) сл. выручка, барыши; сбор ( театральный)2) получка3. 1) улов ( рыбы)2) добыча ( на охоте)4. 1) аренда ( земли)2) арендованный участок5. разг. популярная песенка, пьеса6. мед. проф. хорошо принявшаяся прививка7. полигр. «урок» наборщика8. кино снятый кадр, кинокадр, дубль9. мед. пересадка ( кожи)10. запись (на пленку и т. п.)♢
give and take - а) взаимные уступки, компромисс; б) обмен любезностями; обмен шутками, колкостями, пикировка2. [teık] v (took; taken)on the take - корыстный, продажный
I1. брать; хвататьto take a pencil [a sheet of paper, a spade] - взять карандаш [лист бумаги, лопату]
to take smth. in one's hand - взять что-л. в руку
to take smb.'s hand, to take smb. by the hand - взять кого-л. за руку
to take smb. in one's arms - а) брать кого-л. на руки; б) обнимать кого-л.
to take smb.'s arm - взять кого-л. под руку
to take smth. in one's arms - взять что-л. в руки; схватить что-л. руками
to take smb. to one's arms /to one's breast/ - обнимать кого-л., прижимать кого-л. к груди
to take smb. by the shoulders - взять /схватить/ кого-л. за плечи
to take smb. by the throat - взять /схватить/ кого-л. за горло /за глотку/
to take smth. between one's finger and thumb - взять что-л. двумя пальцами
to take smth. (up) with a pair of tongs - взять что-л. щипцами
to take smth. on one's back - взвалить что-л. на спину
take a sheet of paper from /out of/ the drawer - возьми лист бумаги из ящика стола
take your bag off the table - снимите /уберите, возьмите/ сумку со стола
take this table out of the room - уберите /вынесите/ этот стол из комнаты
2. 1) захватывать; овладевать, завоёвыватьto take a fortress [a town] (by storm) - брать крепость [город] (штурмом)
to take prisoners - захватывать /брать/ пленных
he was taken prisoner - его взяли /он попал/ в плен
he was taken in the street - его взяли /арестовали/ на улице
2) ловитьa rabbit taken in a trap - заяц, попавшийся в капкан
he managed to take the ball (off the bat) - ему удалось поймать мяч (с биты)
to take smb. in the act - застать кого-л. на месте преступления
to take smb. by surprise /off his guard, unawares/ - захватить /застигнуть/ кого-л. врасплох
to take smb. at his word - поймать кого-л. на слове
4) уносить, сводить в могилуpneumonia took him - воспаление лёгких свело его в могилу, он умер от воспаления лёгких
3. 1) присваивать, брать (без разрешения)who has taken my pen? - кто взял мою ручку?
he takes whatever he can lay his hands on - он пользуется (всем), чем только может, он берёт всё, что под руку подвернётся
he is always taking other people's ideas - он всегда использует /присваивает себе/ чужие мысли, он всегда пользуется чужими мыслями
2) (from) отбирать, забиратьthey took his dog from him - они у него забрали /отобрали/ собаку
4. 1) пользоваться; получать; приобретатьto take a taxi - брать такси [см. тж. II А 2]
to take one's part - взять свою часть /долю/ [ср. тж. III А 2)]
to take a quotation from Shakespeare [from a book] - воспользоваться цитатой из Шекспира [из книги], взять цитату из Шекспира [из книги]
to take a holiday - а) взять отпуск; when are you taking your holiday? - когда ты идёшь в отпуск?; б) отдыхать; you must take a holiday - вам надо отдохнуть; I am taking a holiday today - я сегодня отдыхаю /не работаю/; сегодня у меня свободный день
he lived in my house and took my care and nursing - он жил у меня и принимал мои заботы и уход (как должное)
2) выбиратьhe took the largest piece of cake - он взял себе самый большой кусок пирога
to take any means to do smth. - использовать любые средства, чтобы сделать что-л.
which route shall you take? - какой дорогой вы пойдёте /поедете/?
she is old enough to take her own way - она достаточно взрослая, чтобы самой выбрать свой собственный путь
3) покупатьI take bread here - я покупаю /беру/ хлеб здесь
you will take - 2 lbs. - купишь /возьмёшь/ два фунта (чего-л.)
I shall take it for $3 - я возьму /куплю/ это за три доллара
4) выигрывать; брать, битьto take a bishop - взять /побить/ слона ( в шахматах)
he took little by that move - этот ход /шаг/ мало помог /мало что дал/ ему
5) юр. вступать во владение, наследоватьaccording to the will he will take when of age - согласно завещанию он вступит во владение (имуществом) по достижении совершеннолетия
5. 1) доставать, добыватьto take the crop - убирать /собирать/ урожай
2) взимать, собирать; добиваться уплатыto take contributions to the Red Cross - собирать пожертвования в пользу Красного Креста
3) получать, зарабатывать6. 1) принимать (что-л.); соглашаться (на что-л.)to take an offer [presents] - принимать предложение [подарки]
to take £50 for the picture - взять /согласиться на/ пятьдесят фунтов за картину
how much less will you take? - на сколько вы сбавите цену?, сколько вы уступите?
take what he offers you - возьми /прими/ то, что он тебе предлагает
I'll take it - ладно, я согласен
I will take no denial - отказа я не приму; не вздумайте отказываться
to take smb.'s orders - слушаться кого-л., подчиняться кому-л.
I am not taking orders from you - я вам не подчиняюсь, я не буду выполнять ваши приказы; ≅ вы мне не указчик
to take a wager /a bet/ - идти на пари
to take a dare /a challenge/ - принимать вызов
2) получатьtake that (and that)! - получай!, вот тебе!
7. воспринимать, реагироватьto take smth. coolly [lightly] - относиться к чему-л. спокойно /хладнокровно/ [несерьёзно /беспечно/]
to take smth. to heart - принимать что-л. (близко) к сердцу
I wonder how he will take it - интересно, как он к этому отнесётся
I can't take him [his words] seriously - я не могу принимать его [его слова] всерьёз, я не могу серьёзно относиться к нему [к его словам]
he took the joke in earnest - он не понял шутки, он принял шутку всерьёз
he is really kind-hearted if you take him the right way - он, в сущности, добрый человек, если (конечно) правильно его воспринимать
this is no way to take his behaviour - на его поведение нужно реагировать не так
take it easy! - а) не волнуйся!; б) смотри на вещи проще!; в) не усердствуй чрезмерно!
to take things as they are /as one finds them, as they come/ - принимать вещи такими, какие они есть
to take smth. amiss /ill, in bad part/ - обижаться на что-л.
you must not take it ill of him - вы не должны сердиться на него; он не хотел вас обидеть
to take kindly to smb. - дружески /тепло/ отнестись к кому-л. принять участие в ком-л.
he took kindly to the young author - он принял участие в начинающем писателе, он «пригрел» начинающего писателя
to take smth. kindly - благожелательно /доброжелательно/ отнестись к чему-л.
I should take it kindly if you would answer my letter - я буду вам очень благодарен, если вы ответите на моё письмо
8. 1) понимать; толковатьI take your meaning - я вас понимаю, я понимаю, что вы хотите сказать
I [don't] take you - уст. я вас [не] понимаю, я [не] понимаю, что вы хотите сказать
how did you take his remark? - как вы поняли его замечание?
to take smb. in the wrong way - неправильно понять кого-л.
your words may be taken in a bad sense - ваши слова можно истолковать дурно /превратно/
2) полагать, считать; заключатьto take the news to be true /as true/ - считать эти сведения верными /соответствующими действительности/
what time do you take it to be? - как вы думаете /как по-вашему/, сколько сейчас времени?
how old do you take him to be? - сколько лет вы ему дадите?
I take it that we are to wait here [to come early] - надо полагать /я так понимаю/, что мы должны ждать здесь [прийти рано]
let us take it that it is so - предположим, что это так
3) верить; считать истинным(you may) take it from me that he means what he says - поверьте мне, он не шутит /к тому, что он говорит, надо отнестись серьёзно/
take it from me!, take my word for it - можете мне поверить; уж я-то знаю!, можете не сомневаться!
we must take it at that - ничего не поделаешь, приходится верить
9. охватывать, овладеватьhis conscience takes him when he is sober - когда он трезв, его мучают угрызения совести
what has taken the boy? - что нашло на мальчика?
he was taken with a fit of coughing [of laughter] - на него напал приступ кашля [смеха]
to be taken ill /bad/ - заболеть
10. 1) захватывать, увлекать; нравитьсяto take smb.'s fancy - а) поразить чьё-л. воображение; the story took my fancy - рассказ поразил моё воображение; б) понравиться; her new novel took the fancy of the public - её новый роман понравился читателям
I was not taken with him - он мне не понравился, он не произвёл на меня (большого) впечатления
he was very much taken with the idea - он очень увлёкся этой мыслью, он был весь во власти этой идеи
2) иметь успех, становиться популярным (тж. take on)the play didn't take (with the public) - пьеса не имела успеха (у публики)
11. записывать, регистрировать, протоколироватьto take dictation - а) писать под диктовку; б) писать диктант
12. 1) снимать, фотографироватьto take a photograph of a tower - сфотографировать башню, сделать снимок башни
he liked to take animals - он любил фотографировать /снимать/ животных
2) выходить, получаться на фотографииhe does not take well, he takes badly - он плохо выходит /получается/ на фотографии; он нефотогеничен
13. использовать в качестве примераtake the French Revolution - возьмите /возьмём/ (например) Французскую революцию
take me for example - возьмите меня, например
14. вмешатьthis car takes only five - в этой машине может поместиться только пять человек
the typewriter takes large sizes of paper - в эту (пишущую) машинку входит бумага большого формата
15. 1) требовать; отниматьit takes time, means and skill - на это нужно время, средства и умение
the stuff takes sixty hours in burning - это вещество сгорает за шестьдесят часов
how long will it take you to translate this article? - сколько времени уйдёт у вас на перевод этой статьи?
it took him three years to write the book - ему потребовалось три года, чтобы написать книгу [ср. тж. 2)]
this trip will take a lot of money - на эту поездку уйдёт /потребуется/ много денег
it takes some pluck to do our work - для нашей работы требуется немало мужества
it took four men to hold him - потребовалось четыре человека, чтобы его удержать
it would take volumes to relate - нужны тома, чтобы это рассказать
it takes a lot of doing - разг. это сделать довольно трудно, это не так-то просто сделать
the work took some doing - работа потребовала усилий, работа попалась нелёгкая
it took some finding [explaining] - разг. это было трудно найти /разыскать/ [объяснить]
he has everything it takes to be a pilot - у него есть все (необходимые) качества (для того), чтобы стать лётчиком
she's got what it takes - разг. она очень привлекательна, она нравится мужчинам
2) требовать, нуждатьсяhe took two hours to get there - ему потребовалось два часа, чтобы добраться туда; дорога туда отняла у него два часа
wait for me, I won't take long - подожди меня, я скоро освобожусь
he took three years to write /in writing/ the book - ему потребовалось три года, чтобы написать книгу [ср. тж. 1)]
3) требовать ( грамматической формы)a plural noun takes a plural verb - существительное во множественном числе требует глагола /употребляется с глаголом/ во множественном числе
16. (in, on) цепляться (за что-л.); застревать, запутываться (в чём-л.)17. жениться; выходить замужshe wouldn't take him - она не хотела выходить за него замуж, она ему упорно отказывала
he took to wife Jane Smith - уст. он взял в жёны Джейн Смит
18. с.-х. приниматьthe cow [the mare] took the bull [the stallion] - корова [кобыла] приняла быка [жеребца]
19. 1) приниматьсяbefore the graft has taken - до тех пор, пока прививка не принялась
2) действовать; приниматьсяthe vaccination did not take - оспа не привилась /не принялась/
the medicine seems to be taking - лекарство, кажется, подействовало
3) держаться, закрепляться, оставатьсяthis ink does not take on glossy paper - этими чернилами нельзя писать на глянцевой бумаге
20. начинаться, расходиться, набирать силу21. 1) амер. схватываться, замерзать2) тех. твердеть, схватываться22. разг. становиться, делатьсяto take sick - заболеть, захворать; приболеть
II А1. 1) принимать (пищу, лекарство)to take an early breakfast [dinner] - рано позавтракать [пообедать]
will you take tea or coffee? - вы будете пить чай или кофе?
do you take sugar in your tea? - вы пьёте чай с сахаром?
I cannot take whiskey - я не могу пить /не выношу/ виски
he can't take his drink - разг. он не умеет пить
he can take his drink - разг. у него крепкая голова, он может много выпить
that's all he ever takes - это всё, что он ест
to take medicine [pills, sleeping powders] - принимать лекарство [пилюли, снотворное]
I must take smth. for my headache - мне нужно принять что-л. от головной боли
to be (well) shaken before taking - перед употреблением взбалтывать ( надпись на этикетке лекарства)
to be taken - принимать внутрь, для внутреннего употребления ( надпись на этикетке лекарства)
2) нюхать ( табак)3) клевать, брать ( приманку)the fish doesn't take (the bait /the hook/) - рыба не клюёт
2. ездить (на автобусе, такси и т. п.)to take a tram [a taxi] - поехать на трамвае [на такси] [см. тж. I 4, 1)]
3. 1) снимать, арендовать ( помещение)they've taken the large hall for the conference - они сняли большой зал для конференции
2) нанимать, приглашать (рабочих и т. п.)to take smb. as a servant - взять кого-л. в качестве слуги
he took me into partnership - он сделал меня своим компаньоном, он принял /пригласил/ меня в долю
he has been taken into the Air Ministry - его взяли /приняли на работу/ в министерство авиации
3) брать (постояльцев и т. п.)to take pupils [lodgers] - брать учеников [постояльцев]
which magazines and newspapers do you take? - какие журналы и газеты вы выписываете?
5. 1) принимать (руководство, обязанности и т. п.); нести (ответственность и т. п.)to take control - брать в свои руки руководство /управление/
to take charge of smb., smth. - взять на себя заботу о ком-л., чём-л.; осуществлять контроль /надзор/ за кем-л., чем-л.
when I go away she is to take charge of the children - когда я уеду, она будет заботиться о детях
I don't want to take the blame for what he did - я не хочу отвечать за то, что сделал он; ≅ он виноват, пусть он и отвечает /расхлёбывает/
I shall take it upon myself to convince him - я беру /возьму/ на себя (задачу) убедить его
2) вступать (в должность и т. п.)3) получать (степень и т. п.)to take a degree - получить учёную степень, стать магистром или доктором наук
to take holy orders - принять духовный сан, стать священником
6. занимать ( место)to take a front [a back] seat - садиться спереди [сзади] [ср. тж. ♢ ]
take a seat! - садитесь!
take the chair - садитесь /сядьте/ на (этот) стул [ср. тж. ♢ ]
take your seats! - занимайте места! (в поезде и т. п.)
7. держаться, двигаться (в каком-л. направлении)to take (a little) to the right - брать /держаться/ (немного) правее
take this street until you come to the big yellow house, then take the first street to the right, go another 100 yards and take the turning on the left - идите по этой улице до большого жёлтого дома, затем сверните в первую улицу направо, пройдите ещё сто ярдов и сверните (за угол) налево
8. занимать ( позицию); придерживаться (мнения, точки зрения и т. п.)to take the attitude of an outsider - занять позицию (стороннего) наблюдателя
if you take this attitude we shall not come to an agreement - если вы так будете к этому относиться, мы не договоримся /не придём к соглашению/
to take a strong stand - решительно настаивать на своём, упорно отстаивать свою точку зрения; занять жёсткую позицию
to take a jaundiced view - отнестись к чему-л. предвзято /предубеждённо, пристрастно/
to take a practical view of the situation - смотреть на дело /положение/ практически /с практической точки зрения/; трезво смотреть на ситуацию
9. 1) приобретать, принимать (вид, форму и т. п.)a pudding takes its shape from the mould - пудинг принимает форму посуды (в которой он пёкся)
the word takes a new meaning in this text - в этом тексте слово приобретает новое значение
this drink takes its flavour from the lemon peel - лимонная корочка придаёт этому напитку особый вкус /привкус/
2) получать, наследовать (имя, название и т. п.)the city of Washington takes its name from George Washington - город Вашингтон назван в честь Джорджа Вашингтона
this apparatus takes ifs name from the inventor - этот аппарат назван по имени изобретателя
10. 1) преодолевать (препятствие и т. п.)to take a hurdle [a grade] - брать барьер [подъём]
the horse took the ditch [the fence] - лошадь перепрыгнула через канаву [забор]
the car took the corner at full speed - машина свернула за угол на полной скорости
2) выигрывать, побеждать, одерживать верх (в спортивном состязании и т. п.)the visiting team took the game 8 to 1 - команда гостей выиграла встречу со счётом 8:1
3) выигрывать, завоёвывать, брать (приз и т. п.); занимать ( определённое место)to take (the) first prize - завоевать /получить/ первую премию
who took the first place? - кто занял первое место?
4) поразить ( ворота в крикете)11. (into)1) посвящать (в тайну и т. п.)to take smb. into the secret - посвятить кого-л. в тайну
to take smb. into one's confidence - оказать доверие /довериться/ кому-л.; поделиться с кем-л.; сделать кого-л. поверенным своих тайн
we took him into the details - мы ознакомили его с подробностями; мы ввели его в курс дела
2) принимать (в расчёт и т. п.)to take smth. into account /into consideration/ - принять что-л. во внимание, учесть что-л.
12. 1) изучать (предмет, ремесло)I shall take French - я буду изучать французский язык, я буду заниматься французским
you should take a course in physiology - вам следует заняться физиологией /прослушать курс физиологии/
2) вести (занятия и т. п.)he always takes botany in the park - он всегда проводит занятия по ботанике в парке
to take the evening service - церк. служить вечерню
13. определять (размер, расстояние и т. п.); снимать ( показания приборов)to take the /a/ temperature - измерять температуру
to take azimuth - засекать направление, брать азимут
to take bearings - а) ориентироваться; уяснять обстановку; б) пеленговать
14. носить, иметь размер (ноги и т. п.)what size do you take in shoes? - какой размер обуви вы носите?
she takes sevens /a seven/ in gloves - она носит седьмой номер перчаток
15. подвергаться (наказанию и т. п.); нести (потери, урон)to take a light [severe] punishment - воен. а) получить лёгкое [серьёзное] повреждение; б) нести незначительные [большие] потери
to take a direct hit - воен. получить прямое попадание
16. 1) выдерживать, переносить (неприятности, удары и т. п.)I don't know how he can take it - я не знаю, как он (это) выдерживает
she takes the rough with the smooth - она стойко переносит превратности судьбы
he always takes what comes to him - он всегда мирится с тем, что есть
2) (take it) сл. выносить, терпетьhe can dish it out but he can't take it - он может любого отделать /любому всыпать по первое число/, но сам такого обращения ни от кого не потерпит
4) выдерживать (физические нагрузки; о балке и т. п.)17. заболеть; заразиться ( болезнью)18. поддаваться (отделке, обработке и т. п.)19. впитывать, поглощать ( жидкость)20. спорт. принимать (подачу, мяч и т. п.)II Б1. 1) to take to á place направляться куда-л.to take to the field - направиться в поле; выйти в поле [ср. тж. ♢ ]
he took to the road again - он вновь вышел /вернулся/ на дорогу [см. тж. 4, 4)]
the guerillas took to the mountains - партизаны ушли в горы /скрылись в горах/
2) to take across smth. пересекать что-л., идти через что-л.3) it /smth./ takes somewhere диал. идти, течь и т. п. в каком-л. направлении (о дороге, реке и т. п.)2. to take smb., smth. to á place, to smb.1) доставлять, относить, отводить, отвозить кого-л., что-л. куда-л., к кому-л.to take smb. home - отвезти /отвести, проводить/ кого-л. домой
may I take you home? - можно мне проводить вас (домой)?
to take smb. to the hospital - доставить /отвезти/ кого-л. в больницу
he was taken to the police station - его доставили /отвели/ в полицейский участок
don't worry, I'll take the book to your father - не беспокойтесь, я отнесу книгу вашему отцу
it was I who took the news to him - это /именно/ я сообщил ему эту новость
the butler took the lawyer to the old lady - дворецкий провёл /проводил/ адвоката к старой даме
2) приводить кого-л. куда-л.what took you to the city today? - что привело вас сегодня в город?
business took him to London - он поехал в Лондон по делу, дела заставили его поехать в Лондон
3) брать кого-л., что-л. (с собой) куда-л.why don't you take the manuscript to the country? - почему бы тебе не взять рукопись с собой в деревню?
4) выводить, приводить кого-л. куда-л. (о дороге и т. п.)where will this road take me? - куда эта дорога выведет меня?
3. to take smb. for smth. выводить кого-л. (на прогулку и т. п.)to take smb. for a ride - взять кого-л. (с собой) на прогулку ( на лошади или на автомобиле) [см. тж. ♢ ]
4. to take to smth.1) пристраститься к чему-л.to take to drink /to drinking, to the bottle/ - пристраститься к вину, запить
2) проявлять интерес, симпатию к чему-л.he didn't take to the idea - его эта идея не заинтересовала, ему эта идея не понравилась /не пришлась по вкусу/
does he take to Latin? - он с удовольствием занимается латынью?
I took to instant coffee - я полюбил быстрорастворимый кофе, быстрорастворимый кофе пришёлся мне по вкусу
3) привыкать, приспосабливаться к чему-л.fruit trees take badly to the soil - фруктовые деревья плохо акклиматизируются на этой почве
4) обращаться, прибегать к чему-л.the ship was sinking and they had to take to the boats - корабль тонул, и им пришлось воспользоваться лодками
he took to the road again - он снова пустился в странствия, он вернулся к бродячему образу жизни [см. тж. 1, 1)]
to take to one's bed - слечь, заболеть
5) начинать заниматься чем-л.to take to literature - заняться литературой, стать писателем
to take to the stage - поступить в театр, стать актёром
5. 1) to take to smb. полюбить кого-л., почувствовать к кому-л. симпатиюthey have taken to each other - они понравились друг другу, они потянулись друг к другу
2) to take against smb. выступать против кого-л.6. to take after smb.1) походить на кого-л.2) подражатьhis followers take after him in this particular - его сторонники следуют его примеру в этом отношении
7. 1) to take smb., smth. for smb., smth. принимать кого-л., что-л. за кого-л., что-л.I am not the person you take me for - я не тот, за кого вы меня принимаете
do you take me for a fool? - вы принимаете меня за дурака?, вы считаете меня дураком?
2) to take smb., smth. to be smb., smth. считать кого-л., что-л. кем-л., чем-л., принимать кого-л., что-л. за кого-л., что-л.I took him to be an honest man - я принял его за честного человека; он мне показался честным человеком
do you take me to be a fool? - вы считаете меня дураком?, вы принимаете меня за дурака?
how old do you take him to be? - как по-вашему, сколько ему лет?
8. to take smth., smb. off smth., smb.1) снимать что-л. с чего-л.to take the saucepan off the fire [the lid off the pan] - снять кастрюлю с огня [крышку с кастрюли]
2) снимать, вычитать что-л. из чего-л.to take 3 shillings off the price of smth. - снизить цену на что-л. на три шиллинга
3) заимствовать что-л. у кого-л., подражать, копировать; пародировать, передразниватьher hairdo was taken off a famous actress - причёску она взяла /заимствовала/ у одной известной актрисы
she takes her manners off him - своими манерами /своим поведением/ она подражает ему
4) отвлекать что-л., кого-л. от чего-л., кого-л.to take smb.'s attention off smth. - отвлечь чьё-л. внимание от чего-л.
to take smb.'s mind off smth. - отвлечь чьи-л. мысли от чего-л.
I hope the child will take his mind off his troubles - я надеюсь, (что) ребёнок заставит его забыть неприятности
to take one's mind off smth. - забыть что-л.
I can't take my mind off this misfortune - я не могу забыть об этом несчастье
he couldn't take his eyes off the picture - он не мог оторваться /отвести глаз/ от картины
to take smb. off his work - отвлекать кого-л. от работы, мешать кому-л. работать
5) избавлять что-л., кого-л. от чего-л., кого-л.he took the responsibility [the blame] off me - он снял с меня ответственность [вину]
he took him [the responsibility, all the worries] off my hands - он избавил меня от него [от ответственности, от всех хлопот]
6) отстранять кого-л. от чего-л.to take smb. off the job - отстранить кого-л. от работы
7) вычёркивать, изымать кого-л. из чего-л.to take smb. off the list - вычеркнуть /изъять/ кого-л. из списка
to take a ship off the active list - вычеркнуть корабль из числа действующих
8) сбивать кого-л. с чего-л.the waves took me off my feet - волны сбили меня с ног [ср. тж. ♢ ]
9. 1) to take smth. from smth. вычитать что-л. из чего-л.if we take two from five we'll have tree left - если вычесть два из пяти, останется /в остатке будет/ три
the storekeeper took a dollar from the price - лавочник сбавил цену на доллар
2) to take from smth. снижать, ослаблятьto take from the value of smth. - снижать ценность, стоимость чего-л.
it doesn't take from the effect of the play - это не ослабляет впечатления, которое производит пьеса
to take from the merit of smb. - умалять чьи-л. достоинства
10. to take smth. out of smth.1) выносить что-л. откуда-л.books must not be taken out of the library - книги нельзя выносить из библиотеки
2) вынимать что-л. откуда-л.3) отвлекать, развлекать кого-л.a drive in the country will take her out of herself - поездка за город развлечёт её /отвлечёт её от мрачных мыслей/
4) устранять кого-л.to take smb. out of one's way - устранить кого-л. (со своего пути)
11. to take smb. through smth.1) заставить кого-л. сделать что-л.I took him through a book of Livy - я заставил его прочесть (одну) книгу Ливия
to take smb. through the first two books of English - прочитать с кем-л. первые две английские книги, помочь кому-л. справиться с двумя первыми английскими книгами
2) заставить кого-л. пройти через что-л.; подвергнуть кого-л. чему-л.12. to take smth., smb. down smth. вести что-л., кого-л. вниз по чему-л.to take a little boat down the Mississippi - пройти /совершить путешествие/ на маленькой лодке вниз по Миссисипи
13. to take smth. up to smth. доводить что-л. до какого-л. времени14. to take smb. over some place водить кого-л., показывать кому-л. что-л. (обыкн. помещение и т. п.)to take smb. over a house [a museum] - показывать кому-л. дом [музей], водить кого-л. по дому [по музею]
15. to take smb. on /in, across, over/ smth. попадать кому-л. по какому-л. месту, ударять кого-л. по чему-л.the blow took me across the arm [over the head] - удар пришёлся мне по руке [по голове]
16. to take upon oneself to do smth. браться за что-л., брать на себя выполнение чего-л.to take upon oneself to distribute food - взять на себя распределение продовольствия
III А1) обыкн. в сочетании с последующим отглагольным существительным выражает единичный акт или кратковременное действие, соответствующее значению существительного:to take a walk - погулять; прогуляться, пройтись
to take a turn - а) повернуть; б) прогуляться, пройтись; покататься, проехаться
to take a step - шагнуть [ср. тж. 2)]
to take a run - разбежаться [ср. тж. ♢ ]
to take a jump /a leap/ - прыгнуть
to take a nap - вздремнуть; соснуть
to take a leak - сл. помочиться
to take a look /a glance/ - взглянуть
to take a shot - выстрелить [ср. тж. ♢ ]
to take a risk /a chance/ - рискнуть
to take (a) breath - а) вдохнуть; б) перевести дыхание; he stopped to take (a) breath - он остановился, чтобы перевести дыхание /передохнуть/
to take (one's) leave - прощаться, уходить
to take an examination - сдавать /держать/ экзамен
to take an oath - а) дать клятву, поклясться; б) воен. принимать присягу
2) обыкн. в сочетании с существительным выражает действие, носящее общий характер:to take action - а) действовать, принимать меры; I felt I had to take action - я чувствовал, что мне необходимо что-то сделать /начать действовать, принять меры/; б) юр. возбуждать судебное дело
to take steps - принимать меры [ср. тж. 1)]
what steps did you take to help them? - какие вы приняли меры /что вы предприняли/, чтобы помочь им?
to take effect - а) возыметь, оказать действие; when the pills took effect - когда пилюли подействовали, б) вступить в силу; the law will take effect next year - закон вступит в силу с будущего года
to take place - случаться, происходить
to take part - участвовать, принимать участие [ср. тж. I 4, 1)]
take post! - по местам!
to take root - пустить корни, укорениться
to take hold - а) схватить; he took hold of my arm - он схватил меня за руку; он ухватился за мою руку; б) овладевать; my plane had taken hold upon his fancy - мой план захватил его воображение; the fashion took hold - мода укоренилась
to take possession - а) стать владельцем, вступить во владение; б) овладеть, захватить
to take aim /sight/ - прицеливаться
to take counsel - совещаться; советоваться
to take advice - а) советоваться, консультироваться; б) следовать совету; take my advice - послушайтесь доброго совета; to take legal advice - брать консультацию у юриста
to take account - принимать во внимание, учитывать
you must take account of his illness - вы должны учитывать, что он был болен
they took advantage of the old woman - они обманули /провели/ эту старую женщину
to take the privilege - воспользоваться правом /привилегией/
we take this opportunity of thanking /to thank/ you - мы пользуемся случаем, чтобы поблагодарить вас
to take interest - интересоваться, проявлять интерес; увлекаться (чем-л.)
to take pleasure /delight/ - находить удовольствие
to take pity - проявлять жалость /милосердие/
to take trouble - стараться, прилагать усилия; брать на себя труд
she took great pains with her composition - она очень усердно работала над своим сочинением
to take comfort - успокоиться, утешиться
to take courage /heart/ - мужаться; воспрянуть духом; приободриться; не унывать
take courage! - мужайся!, не робей!
to take cover - прятаться; скрываться
to take refuge /shelter/ - укрыться, найти убежище
in his old age he took refuge from his loneliness in his childhood memories - в старости он спасался /находил убежище/ от одиночества в воспоминаниях детства
to take fire - загораться, воспламеняться
to take warning - остерегаться; внять предупреждению
to take notice - замечать; обращать (своё) внимание
to take heed - а) обращать внимание; замечать; б) быть осторожным, соблюдать осторожность
to take care - быть осторожным; take care how you behave - смотри, веди себя осторожно
to take care of smb., smth. - смотреть, присматривать за кем-л., чем-л., заботиться о ком-л., чём-л.
who will take care of the baby? - кто позаботится о ребёнке?, кто присмотрит за ребёнком?
to take a liking /a fancy/ to smb. - полюбить кого-л.
to take a dislike to smb. - невзлюбить кого-л.
to take the salute - воен. а) отвечать на отдание чести; б) принимать парад
♢
take and - амер. диал. взять и
I'll take and bounce a rock on your head - вот возьму и тресну тебя камнем по башке
to take a drop - выпить, подвыпить
to take (a drop /a glass/) too much - хватить /хлебнуть/ лишнего
to take the chair - занять председательское место, председательствовать; открыть заседание [ср. тж. II А 6]
to take the veil - облачиться в одежду монахини; уйти в монастырь
to take the floor - а) выступать, брать слово; б) пойти танцевать
to take for granted - считать само собой разумеющимся /не требующим доказательств/; принимать на веру
to take too much for granted - быть слишком самонадеянным; позволять себе слишком много
to take smth. to pieces - разобрать что-л.
to take a stick to smb. - побить /отделать/ кого-л. палкой
take it or leave it - на ваше усмотрение; как хотите, как угодно
to take a turn for the better, to take a favourable turn - измениться к лучшему, пойти на лад
to take a turn for the worse - измениться к худшему, ухудшиться
to take stock (of smth., smb.) - [см. stock I ♢ ]
to take it out of smb. - а) утомлять, лишать сил кого-л.; the long climb took it out of me - длинный подъём утомил меня; the heat takes it out of me - от жары я очень устаю жара лишает меня сил; the illness has taken it out of him - он обессилел от болезни; б) отомстить кому-л.; I will take it out of you /of your hide/ - я отомщу тебе за это; это тебе даром не пройдёт, ты мне за это заплатишь, так просто ты не отделаешься; я с тобой рассчитаюсь /расквитаюсь/; he will take it out of me /of my hide/ - он отыграется на мне, он мне отомстит за это
to take smb.'s measure - а) снимать мерку с кого-л.; б) присматриваться к кому-л.; определять чей-л. характер; в) распознать /раскусить/ кого-л.
to take sides - присоединиться /примкнуть/ к той или другой стороне
to take smb.'s side /part/, to take sides /part/ with smb. - стать на /принять/ чью-л. сторону
to take to one's heels - улизнуть, удрать, дать стрекача, пуститься наутёк
to take one's hook - смотать удочки, дать тягу
to take it on the lam - амер. сл. смываться, скрываться; улепётывать
to take the cake /the biscuit, the bun/ - занять /выйти на/ первое место; получить приз
it takes the cake! - это превосходит всё!, дальше идти некуда!
to take off one's hat to smb. - восхищаться кем-л., преклоняться перед кем-л., снимать шляпу перед кем-л.
to take a back seat - а) отойти на задний план, стушеваться; б) занимать скромное положение; [ср. тж. II А 6]
to take a run at smth. - попытаться заняться чем-л. [ср. тж. III А 1)]
to take a shot /a swing/ at smth. /at doing smth./ - попытаться /рискнуть/ сделать что-л. [ср. тж. III А 1)]
to take liberties with smb. - позволять себе вольности по отношению к кому-л.; быть непозволительно фамильярным с кем-л.
not to be taking any - не быть склонным (делать что-л.)
I am not taking any - ≅ слуга покорный!
to take one's hair down - разойтись вовсю, разбушеваться
to take smb. for a ride - прикончить /укокошить/ кого-л. [см. тж. II Б 3]
to take the starch /the frills/ out of smb. - амер. сбить спесь с кого-л., осадить кого-л.
to take smth. with a grain of salt - относиться к чему-л. скептически /недоверчиво, критически/
to take the bit between the /one's/ teeth - закусить удила, пойти напролом
to take to earth - а) охот. уходить в нору; б) спрятаться, притаиться
to take a load from /off/ smb.'s mind - снять тяжесть с души у кого-л.
you've taken a load off my mind - ты снял тяжесть с моей души; у меня от сердца отлегло
to take a load from /off/ one's feet - сесть
to take a leaf out of smb.'s book - следовать чьему-л. примеру, подражать кому-л.
to take a rise out of smb. см. rise I 15
to take in hand - а) взять в руки, прибрать к рукам; б) взять в свои руки; взяться, браться (за что-л.)
to take smb. to task см. task I ♢
to take smb. off his feet - вызвать чей-л. восторг; поразить /увлечь, потрясти/ кого-л. [ср. тж. II Б 8, 8)]
to take smb. out of his way - доставлять кому-л. лишние хлопоты
to take it into one's head - вбить /забрать/ себе в голову
to take one's courage in both hands - набраться храбрости, собраться с духом
to take exception to smth. - возражать /протестовать/ против чего-л.
to take the name of God /the Lord's name/ in vain - богохульствовать, кощунствовать; упоминать имя господа всуе
to take a /one's/ call, to take the curtain - театр. выходить на аплодисменты
to take the field - а) воен. начинать боевые действия; выступать в поход; б) выйти на поле ( о футбольной команде); [ср. тж. II Б 1, 1)]
to take in flank [in rear] - воен. атаковать с фланга [с тыла]
to take out of action - воен. выводить из боя
take your time! - не спеши(те)!, не торопи(те)сь!
he took his time over the job - он делал работу медленно /не спеша/
to take time by the forelock см. time I ♢
the devil take him! - чёрт бы его побрал!
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15 half
1. plural - halves; noun1) (one of two equal parts of anything: He tried to stick the two halves together again; half a kilo of sugar; a kilo and a half of sugar; one and a half kilos of sugar.) mitad2) (one of two equal parts of a game (eg in football, hockey) usually with a break between them: The Rangers scored three goals in the first half.) parte, mitad, tiempo
2. adjective1) (being (equal to) one of two equal parts (of something): a half bottle of wine.) medio2) (being made up of two things in equal parts: A centaur is a mythical creature, half man and half horse.) mitad, medio3) (not full or complete: a half smile.) medio
3. adverb1) (to the extent of one half: This cup is only half full; It's half empty.) medio2) (almost; partly: I'm half hoping he won't come; half dead from hunger.) medio, casi•- half-- halve
- half-and-half
- half-back
- half-brother
- half-sister
- half-caste
- half-hearted
- half-heartedly
- half-heartedness
- half-holiday
- half-hourly
- half-term
- half-time
- half-way
- half-wit
- half-witted
- half-yearly
- at half mast
- by half
- do things by halves
- go halves with
- half past three
- four
- seven
- in half
- not half
half1 adj mediohalf2 adv mediohalf3 n1. mitad / medio2. tiempohalf4 pron mitadthat's too much; I can only eat half eso es demasiado; sólo puedo comer la mitadtr[hɑːf]1 mitad nombre femenino3 (beer) media pinta1 medio,-a■ children usually pay half fare on public transport normalmente los niños pagan media tarifa en los transportes públicos1 medio, a medias\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLand a half familiar muy bueno,-a■ that was a meal and a half ¡vaya comida que nos hemos pegado!in half por la mitad■ it isn't half cold today! ¡vaya frío que hace hoy!■ do you fancy a beer? --not half! ¿te apetece una cerveza? --¡y tanto!to do things by halves hacer las cosas a mediasto go halves on pagar a mediasfirst half primer tiempohalf measures medias tintas nombre femenino pluralhalf ['hæf, 'haf] adv: medio, a mediashalf cooked: medio cocidohalf adj: medio, a mediasa half hour: una media horaa half truth: una verdad a medias1) : mitad fhalf of my friends: la mitad de mis amigosin half: por la mitad2) : tiempo m (en deportes)adj.• a medias adj.• medio, -a adj.• mitad adj.adv.• medio adv.n.(§ pl.: halves) = medio s.m.• mitad s.f.• tiempo s.m.
I hæf, hɑːf1)a) ( part) mitad fto break/divide something in half — romper*/dividir algo por la mitad or en dos
not to do things by halves — (colloq) no hacer* las cosas a medias
to go halves — (colloq) pagar* a medias
my/his better/other half — (colloq & hum) mi/su media naranja
too... by half — (BrE colloq)
b) ( Math) medio mc) ( elliptical use)... and a half! — (colloq)
2) ( Sport)a) ( period) tiempo mthe first/second half — el primer/segundo tiempo
b) ( of pitch) campo mc) ( interval) (AmE) descanso m, medio tiempo m (AmL)3) ( of beer) (BrE) (colloq) media pinta f ( de cerveza)4) ( fare) (BrE)
II
pronoun la mitadthe half of it — (colloq)
III
adjective medio, -diashe isn't half the player/singer she used to be — (colloq) no es ni con mucho la jugadora/cantante que era
IV
adverb medioshe was half asleep — estaba medio dormida or semidormida
she is half Italian, half Greek — es hija de italianos y griegos
the movie isn't half as good as the book — (colloq) la película no es ni la mitad de buena que el libro
not half — (BrE colloq) (as intensifier)
[hɑːf] (pl halves)do you like it? - not half! — ¿te gusta? - no me gusta, me encanta
1. N1) (gen) mitad fhalf a cup — media taza f
half a day — medio día m
we have a problem and a half * — tenemos un problema mayúsculo, vaya problemazo que tenemos
•
one's better half * — hum su media naranja *•
by half, better by half — con mucho el mejor•
to go halves (with sb) (on sth) — ir a medias (con algn) (en algo)•
to cut/break sth in half — cortar/partir algo por la mitad•
half a moment! * —•
half a second! * — ¡un momento!•
one's other half * — hum su media naranja *•
she's asleep half the time — iro se pasa la mitad del tiempo dormidaSee:AVERAGE, HALF in average2) (Sport) [of match] tiempo m ; (=player) medio mfirst/second half — primer/segundo tiempo m
3) (Brit) [of beer] media pinta f4) (=child's ticket) billete m de niñoone and two halves, please — un billete normal y dos para niños, por favor
2.ADJ [bottle, quantity] medio•
a half- point cut in interest rates — una reducción de medio punto en los tipos de interéshalfback, half-brother, half-sister•
I have a half share in the flat — la mitad del piso es mío or de mi propiedad3. ADV1) (gen) medio, a medias•
I was half afraid that... — medio temía que...•
half as, half as much — la mitadit wasn't half as bad as I had thought * — [interview, trip to the dentist] no lo pasé ni con mucho or ni de lejos tan mal como había imaginado
•
half laughing, half crying — medio riendo, medio llorando•
I only half read it — lo leí solo a mediashalf-baked•
I was only half serious when I said that — aquello solo lo dije medio en broma2) (time)3) (with neg)(Brit) *not half! — ¡y cómo!, ¡ya lo creo!
he didn't half run — corrió muchísimo, corrió como un bólido
it didn't half rain! — ¡había que ver cómo llovía!
it wasn't half dear — nos costó un riñón, fue carísimo
4.CPDhalf fare N — medio pasaje m (as adv)
half note N — (US) (Mus) blanca f
* * *
I [hæf, hɑːf]1)a) ( part) mitad fto break/divide something in half — romper*/dividir algo por la mitad or en dos
not to do things by halves — (colloq) no hacer* las cosas a medias
to go halves — (colloq) pagar* a medias
my/his better/other half — (colloq & hum) mi/su media naranja
too... by half — (BrE colloq)
b) ( Math) medio mc) ( elliptical use)... and a half! — (colloq)
2) ( Sport)a) ( period) tiempo mthe first/second half — el primer/segundo tiempo
b) ( of pitch) campo mc) ( interval) (AmE) descanso m, medio tiempo m (AmL)3) ( of beer) (BrE) (colloq) media pinta f ( de cerveza)4) ( fare) (BrE)
II
pronoun la mitadthe half of it — (colloq)
III
adjective medio, -diashe isn't half the player/singer she used to be — (colloq) no es ni con mucho la jugadora/cantante que era
IV
adverb medioshe was half asleep — estaba medio dormida or semidormida
she is half Italian, half Greek — es hija de italianos y griegos
the movie isn't half as good as the book — (colloq) la película no es ni la mitad de buena que el libro
not half — (BrE colloq) (as intensifier)
do you like it? - not half! — ¿te gusta? - no me gusta, me encanta
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16 one
1. noun1) (the number or figure 1: One and one is two (1 + 1 = 2).) uno2) (the age of 1: Babies start to talk at one.) un año
2. pronoun1) (a single person or thing: She's the one I like the best; I'll buy the red one.)2) (anyone; any person: One can see the city from here.)
3. adjective1) (1 in number: one person; He took one book.) un2) (aged 1: The baby will be one tomorrow.) de un año3) (of the same opinion etc: We are one in our love of freedom.) unidos•- one-- oneself
- one-night stand
- one-off
- one-parent family
- one-sided
- one-way
- one-year-old
4. adjective((of a person, animal or thing) that is one year old.) de un año- all one- be one up on a person
- be one up on
- not be oneself
- one and all
- one another
- one by one
- one or two
one1 adj1. unwhy don't we go out together one day soon? ¿por qué no salimos juntos un día de estos?2. único3. mismoone2 num unoone, two, three uno, dos, tresone3 pron1. uno2.which one? ¿cuál?this one / that one éste / ése3. el quetr[wʌn]1 (stating number) un, una2 (unspecified, a certain) un, una, algún,-una3 (only, single) único,-a4 (same) mismo,-a5 (with names) un,-a tal1 (thing) uno,-a■ a red one uno,-a rojo,-a■ this one éste,-a■ that one ése,-a, aquél,-la■ which one? ¿cuál?■ the small one el pequeño, la pequeña■ the other one el otro, la otra2 (drink) una copa3 (person) el, la4 (any person, you) uno, una1 (number) uno\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLall in one de una (sola) piezaa one un caso■ you are a one! ¡eres un caso!a right one un,-a idiotaas one / as one man como un solo hombre, todos a la vezat one with en armonía conin one (combined, together) a la vez, todo en uno 2 (in only one attempt) de una vez, de un golpe 3 (in one mouthful) de un tragoneither one thing nor the other ni carne ni pescadoone after another / one after the other uno,-a detrás de otro,-aone and all todos,-as, todo el mundoone another el uno al otroone at a time de uno en unoone by one de uno,-a en uno,-a, uno,-a tras otro,-ato be one to... ser dado,-a a..., ser de los/las que...■ I'm not one to gossip no me gusta chismorrear, no soy de las que chismorreanone ['wʌn] adjhe only wants one apple: sólo quiere una manzanahe arrived early one morning: llegó temprano una mañanathey're all members of one team: todos son miembros del mismo equipoone and the same thing: la misma cosa4) some: alguno, alguna; un, unaI'll see you again one day: algún día te veré otra vezat one time or another: en una u otra ocasiónone n1) : uno m (número)from day one: desde el primer momentothe one (girl) on the right: la de la derechahe has the one but needs the other: tiene uno pero necesita el otroone pron1) : uno, unaone of his friends: una de sus amigasone never knows: uno nunca sabe, nunca se sabeto cut one's finger: cortarse el dedo2)one and all : todos, todo el mundo3)one another : el uno al otro, sethey loved one another: se amaban4)that one : aquél, aquella5)which one? : ¿cuál?adj.• igual adj.• solo, -a adj.• un tal adj.• uno, -a adj.• único, -a adj.art.• un art.• una art.n.• uno s.m.pron.• alguno pron.• la una (hora) pron.• uno pron.
I wʌn1)a) ( number) uno mhas anybody got five ones? — ¿alguien tiene cinco billetes de un dólar (or un peso etc)?
to be at one with somebody/something — estar* en paz or en armonía con alguien/algo; see also four I
b) ( elliptical use)it was interesting in more ways than one — fue interesante en más de un sentido/en muchos sentidos
I only want the one — sólo quiero uno/una
did you see many cows? - one or two — ¿viste muchas vacas? - alguna que otra
2) (in phrases)as one: they rose as one se pusieron de pie todos a la vez or como un solo hombre; for one por lo pronto; who's going? - well, I am for one ¿quién va? - yo, por lo pronto; in one: it's a TV and a video in one es televisión y vídeo a la vez or todo en uno; one by one — uno a uno, uno por uno
II
1)a) ( stating number) un, unaone button/pear — un botón/una pera
one thousand, three hundred — mil trescientos
b) (certain, particular)one boy was tall, the other short — uno de los niños era alto, el otro era bajo
2)a) ( single)the one and only Frank Sinatra — el incomparable or inimitable Frank Sinatra
my one and only coat is at the cleaners — el único abrigo que tengo or mi único abrigo está en la tintorería
b) ( same) mismo, mismawe drank out of the one glass cup — bebimos del mismo vaso/de la misma taza
3) ( unspecified) un, una4) ( with names)in the name of one John Smith/Sarah Brown — a nombre de un tal John Smith/una tal Sarah Brown
III
1) ( thing)this one — éste/ésta
that one — ése/ésa
which one? — ¿cuál?
the one on the right/left — el/la de la derecha/izquierda
the ones on the table — los/las que están en la mesa
the blue ones — los/las azules
I want the big one — quiero el/la grande
it's my last one — es el último/la última que me queda
he's had one too many — ha bebido de más, ha bebido más de la cuenta
have you heard the one about... ? — ¿has oído el chiste de... ?
he ate all the apples one after another o the other — se comió todas las manzanas, una detrás de otra
2) ( person)the one on the right's my cousin — el/la de la derecha es mi primo/prima
he's a sly one, that Jack Tibbs — es un zorro ese Jack Tibbs
I'm not one to gossip, but... — no me gustan los chismes pero...
one after another o the other — uno tras otro or detrás de otro
IV
pronoun uno, unaone simply never knows — realmente nunca se sabe or uno nunca sabe
[wʌn]one another — each other, each II 2)
1. ADJ1) (=number) un/una; (before sing noun) un•
the last but one — el penúltimo/la penúltima•
one or two people — algunas personas•
that's one way of doing it — esa es una forma or una de las maneras de hacerlo2) (indefinite) un/una, ciertoone day — un día, cierto día
3) (=sole) único•
no one man could do it — ningún hombre podría hacerlo por sí solo•
the one and only difficulty — la única dificultad4) (=same) mismo•
it's all one — es lo mismoit's all one to me — me da igual, me da lo mismo
5) (=united)•
they all shouted as one — todos gritaron a una•
to become one — casarse•
to be one with sth — formar un conjunto con algo2.N (=figure) uno m•
to be at one (with sb) — estar completamente de acuerdo (con algn)to be at one with o.s. — estar en paz consigo mismo
•
to go one better than sb — tomar la ventaja or la delantera a algn•
she's cook and housekeeper in one — es a la vez cocinera y ama de llavesyou've got it in one! * — ¡y que lo digas! *
•
to be one up — (Sport etc) llevar un punto/gol etc de ventajafast I, 1., 1), quick 1., 3), road 1., 2)that puts us one up — (Sport etc) eso nos da un punto/gol etc de ventaja
3. PRON1) (indefinite) uno/unahave you got one? — ¿tienes uno?
his message is one of pessimism — su mensaje es pesimista, el suyo es un mensaje pesimista
•
one after the other — uno tras otro•
one and all — todos sin excepción, todo el mundo•
one by one — uno tras otro, uno a uno•
I for one am not going — yo, por mi parte, no voy•
not one — ni uno•
one of them — uno de elloshe's one of the group — es del grupo, forma parte del grupo
•
the one..., the other... — uno..., el otro...price of one — precio m de la unidad
2) (specific)this one — este/esta
that one — ese/esa, aquel/aquella
which one do you want? — ¿cuál quieres?
who wants these red ones? — ¿quién quiere estos colorados?
In the past the standard spelling for [este/esta], [ese/esa] and [aquel/aquella] as pronouns was with an accent ([éste/ésta],[ése/ésa] and [aquél/aquélla]). Nowadays the [Real Academia Española] advises that the accented forms are only required where there might otherwise be confusion with the adjectives ([este/esta], [ese/esa] and [aquel/aquella]).what about this little one? — ¿y este pequeñito or (esp LAm) chiquito?
3) (relative)the one who, the one that — el/la que
the ones who, the ones that — los/las que
4) (=person)•
you are a one! — ¡qué cosas dices/haces!•
our dear ones — nuestros seres queridos•
the Evil One — el demonio•
you're a fine one! * — ¡menuda pieza estás tú hecho! *•
he's one for the ladies — tiene éxito con las mujeres•
the little ones — los pequeños, los chiquillos•
never a one — ni uno siquiera•
he is not one to protest — no es de los que protestan5)• one another, they kissed one another — se besaron (el uno al otro)
do you see one another much? — ¿se ven mucho?
6) (impers) uno/una* * *
I [wʌn]1)a) ( number) uno mhas anybody got five ones? — ¿alguien tiene cinco billetes de un dólar (or un peso etc)?
to be at one with somebody/something — estar* en paz or en armonía con alguien/algo; see also four I
b) ( elliptical use)it was interesting in more ways than one — fue interesante en más de un sentido/en muchos sentidos
I only want the one — sólo quiero uno/una
did you see many cows? - one or two — ¿viste muchas vacas? - alguna que otra
2) (in phrases)as one: they rose as one se pusieron de pie todos a la vez or como un solo hombre; for one por lo pronto; who's going? - well, I am for one ¿quién va? - yo, por lo pronto; in one: it's a TV and a video in one es televisión y vídeo a la vez or todo en uno; one by one — uno a uno, uno por uno
II
1)a) ( stating number) un, unaone button/pear — un botón/una pera
one thousand, three hundred — mil trescientos
b) (certain, particular)one boy was tall, the other short — uno de los niños era alto, el otro era bajo
2)a) ( single)the one and only Frank Sinatra — el incomparable or inimitable Frank Sinatra
my one and only coat is at the cleaners — el único abrigo que tengo or mi único abrigo está en la tintorería
b) ( same) mismo, mismawe drank out of the one glass cup — bebimos del mismo vaso/de la misma taza
3) ( unspecified) un, una4) ( with names)in the name of one John Smith/Sarah Brown — a nombre de un tal John Smith/una tal Sarah Brown
III
1) ( thing)this one — éste/ésta
that one — ése/ésa
which one? — ¿cuál?
the one on the right/left — el/la de la derecha/izquierda
the ones on the table — los/las que están en la mesa
the blue ones — los/las azules
I want the big one — quiero el/la grande
it's my last one — es el último/la última que me queda
he's had one too many — ha bebido de más, ha bebido más de la cuenta
have you heard the one about... ? — ¿has oído el chiste de... ?
he ate all the apples one after another o the other — se comió todas las manzanas, una detrás de otra
2) ( person)the one on the right's my cousin — el/la de la derecha es mi primo/prima
he's a sly one, that Jack Tibbs — es un zorro ese Jack Tibbs
I'm not one to gossip, but... — no me gustan los chismes pero...
one after another o the other — uno tras otro or detrás de otro
IV
pronoun uno, unaone simply never knows — realmente nunca se sabe or uno nunca sabe
one another — each other, each II 2)
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17 for
fo:
1. preposition1) (to be given or sent to: This letter is for you.) para2) (towards; in the direction of: We set off for London.) para, hacia, en dirección a3) (through a certain time or distance: for three hours; for three miles.) durante4) (in order to have, get, be etc: He asked me for some money; Go for a walk.) (pedir dinero); (salir) a (pasear)5) (in return; as payment: He paid $2 for his ticket.) por6) (in order to be prepared: He's getting ready for the journey.) para7) (representing: He is the member of parliament for Hull.) por8) (on behalf of: Will you do it for me?) por9) (in favour of: Are you for or against the plan?) por, a favor de10) (because of: for this reason.) por, a causa de11) (having a particular purpose: She gave me money for the bus fare.) para12) (indicating an ability or an attitude to: a talent for baking; an ear for music.) para13) (as being: They mistook him for someone else.) por, para14) (considering what is used in the case of: It is quite warm for January (= considering that it is January when it is usually cold).) para15) (in spite of: For all his money, he didn't seem happy.) a pesar de
2. conjunction(because: It must be late, for I have been here a long time.) ya que, puesto quefor prep1. parais this the train for London? ¿es éste el tren que va a Londres?2. porI bought it for £12 lo compré por 12 libraswhat can I do for you? ¿qué puedo hacer por ti?3. desde hace4. durante5. de"T" for Tony "T" de Tonywhat's the word for "cheese" in Spanish? ¿cómo se dice "cheese" en español?6. a favor deare you for the plan, or against it? ¿estás a favor del plan, o en contra?tr[fɔːSMALLr/SMALL]1 (intended) para■ there's a phone call for Mr. Smith hay una llamada para el Sr. Smith2 (purpose) para■ what's this for? ¿para qué sirve esto?■ shall we meet for lunch? ¿quedamos para comer?3 (destination) para■ where do I catch the train for Newcastle? ¿dónde se coge el tren para Newcastle?4 (in order to help, on behalf of) por5 (because of, on account of) por, a causa de■ a meeting has been called for 10.00 se ha convocado una reunión para las 10.00■ I've lived here for 5 years hace 5 años que vivo aquí, vivo aquí desde hace 5 años■ it's the first accident here for a long time es el primer accidente que ocurre aquí desde hace mucho tiempo8 (in exchange, as replacement of) por■ I got it for £500 lo conseguí por 500 libras■ the record went for $50 el disco se vendió por 50 dólares9 (in favour of, in support of) por, a favor de■ who did you vote for? ¿a quién votaste?■ are you for or against the new laws? ¿estás a favor o en contra de las nuevas leyes?10 (despite) a pesar de, para; (considering, contrast) para■ I still love him, for all his faults lo quiero, a pesar de todos sus defectos11 (as) de, como, por■ what do they use for fuel? ¿qué utilizan de combustible?12 (in order to obtain) para■ for further details... para más información....13 (representing) por; (meaning) de■ I can't go to the meeting - will you go for me? no puedo asistir a la reunión - ¿quieres ir en mi lugar?■ what's the Spanish for "pool"? ¿cómo se dice "pool" en castellano?14 (as regards, concerning) por, en cuanto a■ for my part, he can do as he likes por mí, que haga lo que quiera■ as for him, who cares? en cuanto a él, ¿a quién le importa?■ luckily for us, it didn't rain afortunadamente para nosotros, no llovió15 (as part of, as being) por, para■ do you know that for a fact? ¿lo sabes a ciencia cierta?■ what do you want for dinner? ¿qué quieres para comer?1 para16 formal use literal ya que, puesto que\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLas for me por mi parte, en cuanto a mífor all I know que yo sepafor all that a pesar de todo, con todofor good para siemprefor the first time por primera vezfor the last time por última vezoh for...! ¡ojalá tuviera...!■ oh for a star to guide my way! ¡ojalá tuviera una estrella que me guiara los pasos!there's nothing for it but... no hay más remedio que...to be for it cargárselafor ['fɔr] conj: puesto que, porquefor prepclothes for children: ropa para niñosit's time for dinner: es la hora de comer2) because of: porfor fear of: por miedo dea gift for you: un regalo para tihe fought for his country: luchó por su patriaa cure for cancer: una cura para el cáncerfor your own good: por tu propio bienI bought it for $5: lo compré por $5a lot of trouble for nothing: mucha molestia para nada7) as for: para, con respecto ahe's going for two years: se va por dos añosI spoke for ten minutes: hablé (durante) diez minutosshe has known it for three months: lo sabe desde hace tres mesesconj.• para conj.• pues conj.• ya que conj.n.• por s.m.prep.• a causa de prep.• como prep.• de prep.• durante prep.• en honor de prep.• en lugar de prep.• para prep.• por prep.
I fɔːr, fɔː(r), weak form fər, fə(r)1) preposition2)a) ( intended for) parais there a letter for me? — ¿hay carta para mí?
clothes for men/women — ropa de hombre/mujer
is it for sale? — ¿está en venta?, ¿se vende?
b) ( on behalf of) porhe plays for England — forma parte de or juega en la selección inglesa
c) ( in favor of) a favor de3) ( indicating purpose)what's that for? — ¿para qué es eso?, ¿eso para qué sirve?
it's for trimming hedges — es or sirve para recortar setos
to go out for a meal — salir* a comer fuera
to be for it — (colloq)
here comes Dad, we're for it now! — ahí viene papá ahora sí que estamos listos or (Col tb) hechos or (CS tb) fritos! (fam)
4)a) (as)we're having chicken for dinner — vamos a cenar pollo or hay pollo para cenar
what's for dessert? — ¿qué hay de postre?
b) ( representing)what's (the) German for ``ice cream''? — ¿cómo se dice ``helado'' en alemán?
c) ( instead of) porcould you call him for me? — ¿podrías llamarlo tú?, ¿me harías el favor de llamarlo?
5) ( giving reason) porif it weren't for Joe... — si no fuera por Joe...
for one thing it's too costly and for another we don't need it — para empezar es muy caro y además no lo necesitamos
6)a) ( in exchange for) porI bought the book for $10 — compré el libro por 10 dólares
b) ( indicating proportion) porfor every one we find, there are 20 that get away — por cada uno que encontramos, se nos escapan 20
7)a) ( as concerns) para8)a) ( in spite of)for all her faults, she's been very kind to us — tendrá sus defectos, pero con nosotros ha sido muy buena
is there time for us to have a cup of coffee? — ¿tenemos tiempo de tomar un café?
9) ( in exclamations)oh, for some peace and quiet — qué (no) daría yo por un poco de paz y tranquilidad!
10) ( in the direction of) parathe plane/bus for New York — el avión/autobús para or de Nueva York
11)a) ( indicating duration)I've only been here for a day — sólo llevo un día aquí, hace sólo un día que estoy aquí
how long are you going for? — ¿por cuánto tiempo vas?, ¿cuánto tiempo te vas a quedar?
b) ( on the occasion of) parac) (by, before) para12) ( indicating distance)
II
conjunction (liter) pues (liter), puesto que (frml), porque[fɔː(r)] When for is part of a phrasal verb, eg look for, make for, stand for, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg as for, a gift for, for sale, eager for, look up the other word.1. PREPOSITION1) (=going to) parathe train for London — el tren para or de Londres
2) (=intended for) parais this for me? — ¿es para mí esto?
3) (to express purpose) parawe went to Tossa for our holidays — fuimos a pasar las vacaciones a Tossa, fuimos a Tossa para las vacaciones
•
what for? — ¿para qué?what's it for? — ¿para qué es or sirve?
what do you want it for? — ¿para qué lo quieres?
what did you do that for? — ¿por qué hiciste eso?
4) (employment) para5) (=on behalf of)"I can't iron this shirt" - "don't worry, I'll iron it for you" — -no puedo planchar esta camisa -no te preocupes, yo te la plancho
"I still haven't booked the ticket" - "I'll do it for you" — -no he reservado el billete todavía -ya lo haré yo
who is the representative for your group? — ¿quién es el representante de vuestro grupo?
6) (=as in) de7) (=in exchange for) porhe'll do it for £25 — lo hará por 25 libras
for every one who voted yes, 50 voted no — por cada persona que votó a favor, 50 votaron en contra
•
to pay 50 pence for a ticket — pagar 50 peniques por una entradathe government will match each donation pound for pound — el gobierno igualará cada donativo, libra a libra
•
I sold it for £5 — lo vendí por or en 5 libras8) (=to the value of)a cheque for £500 — un cheque or talón por valor de 500 libras
how much is the cheque for? — ¿por cuánto es el cheque?
a) (making comparisons) parahe's tall/mature for his age — es alto/maduro para su edad or para la edad que tiene
b) (specifying)it was too difficult for her — era demasiado difícil para ella, le era demasiado difícil
that's easy for you to say — para ti es fácil decirlo, a ti te es fácil decirlo
10) (=in favour of) a favor deanyone for a game of cards? — ¿alguien se apunta a una partida de cartas?
•
are you for or against the idea? — ¿estás a favor o en contra de la idea?are you for or against us? — ¿estás con nosotros o en contra?
•
I'm all for it — estoy completamente a favor•
the campaign for human rights — la campaña pro derechos humanos, la campaña en pro de los derechos humanos•
a collection for the poor — una colecta a beneficio de los pobres11) (=as, by way of)what's for dinner? — ¿qué hay para cenar?
12) (=because of) por•
for fear of being criticized — por miedo a la crítica, por temor a ser criticado13) (=in spite of) a pesar de•
for all his wealth — a pesar de su riquezafor all he promised to come, he didn't — a pesar de habérmelo prometido, no vino
a) (future/past duration)When translating for and a period of time, it is often unnecessary to translate for, as in the examples below where durante is optional:Alternatively, translate [for] using [durante], or, especially when talking about very short periods, [por]. Use [por] also with the verb [ir], although again it is often optional in this case:I'm going for three weeks — me voy tres semanas, estaré allí tres semanas
for a moment, he didn't know what to say — por un momento, no supo qué decir
Use hace... que and the present to describe actions and states that started in the past and are still going on. Alternatively use the present and desde hace. Another option is sometimes llevar and the gerund. Don't use the present perfect in Spanish to translate phrases like these, unless they are in the negative.he won't be back for a couple of hours/days — no regresará hasta dentro de un par de horas/días, tardará un par de horas/días en regresar
he has been learning French for two years — hace dos años que estudia francés, estudia francés desde hace dos años, lleva dos años estudiando francés
it has not rained for 3 weeks — hace 3 semanas que no llueve, no llueve or no ha llovido desde hace 3 semanas, lleva 3 semanas sin llover
I have known her for years — hace años que la conozco, la conozco desde hace años
Notice how the tenses change when talking about something that [had] happened or [had been] happening [for] a time:I haven't seen her for two years — hace dos años que no la veo, no la he visto desde hace dos años, no la veo desde hace dos años, llevo dos años sin verla
he had been learning French for two years — hacía dos años que estudiaba francés, estudiaba francés desde hacía dos años, llevaba dos años estudiando francés
I hadn't seen her for two years — hacía dos años que no la veía, no la había visto desde hacía dos años, no la veía desde hacía dos años, llevaba dos años sin verla
15) (=by, before) paracan you do it for tomorrow? — ¿lo puedes hacer para mañana?
when does he want it for? — ¿para cuándo lo quiere?
16) (=on the occasion of) parahe asked his daughter what she would like for her birthday — le preguntó a su hija qué le gustaría para su cumpleaños
17) (=for a distance of)you can see for miles from the top of the hill — desde lo alto de la colina se puede ver hasta muy lejos
for this to be possible... — para que esto sea posible...
it's not for me to tell him what to do — yo no soy quien para decirle or no me corresponde a mí decirle lo que tiene que hacer
•
it's bad for you to smoke so much — te perjudica fumar tanto•
it's best for you to go — es mejor que te vayas•
there is still time for you to do it — todavía tienes tiempo para hacerlowhat's the German for "hill"? — ¿cómo se dice "colina" en alemán?
oh for a cup of tea! — ¡lo que daría por una taza de té!
exampleI'll be for it if he catches me here! * — ¡me la voy a cargar si me pilla aquí! *
2.CONJUNCTION liter pues, puesto queshe avoided him, for he was rude and uncouth — lo eludía puesto que or pues era grosero y ordinario
* * *
I [fɔːr, fɔː(r)], weak form [fər, fə(r)]1) preposition2)a) ( intended for) parais there a letter for me? — ¿hay carta para mí?
clothes for men/women — ropa de hombre/mujer
is it for sale? — ¿está en venta?, ¿se vende?
b) ( on behalf of) porhe plays for England — forma parte de or juega en la selección inglesa
c) ( in favor of) a favor de3) ( indicating purpose)what's that for? — ¿para qué es eso?, ¿eso para qué sirve?
it's for trimming hedges — es or sirve para recortar setos
to go out for a meal — salir* a comer fuera
to be for it — (colloq)
here comes Dad, we're for it now! — ahí viene papá ahora sí que estamos listos or (Col tb) hechos or (CS tb) fritos! (fam)
4)a) (as)we're having chicken for dinner — vamos a cenar pollo or hay pollo para cenar
what's for dessert? — ¿qué hay de postre?
b) ( representing)what's (the) German for ``ice cream''? — ¿cómo se dice ``helado'' en alemán?
c) ( instead of) porcould you call him for me? — ¿podrías llamarlo tú?, ¿me harías el favor de llamarlo?
5) ( giving reason) porif it weren't for Joe... — si no fuera por Joe...
for one thing it's too costly and for another we don't need it — para empezar es muy caro y además no lo necesitamos
6)a) ( in exchange for) porI bought the book for $10 — compré el libro por 10 dólares
b) ( indicating proportion) porfor every one we find, there are 20 that get away — por cada uno que encontramos, se nos escapan 20
7)a) ( as concerns) para8)a) ( in spite of)for all her faults, she's been very kind to us — tendrá sus defectos, pero con nosotros ha sido muy buena
is there time for us to have a cup of coffee? — ¿tenemos tiempo de tomar un café?
9) ( in exclamations)oh, for some peace and quiet — qué (no) daría yo por un poco de paz y tranquilidad!
10) ( in the direction of) parathe plane/bus for New York — el avión/autobús para or de Nueva York
11)a) ( indicating duration)I've only been here for a day — sólo llevo un día aquí, hace sólo un día que estoy aquí
how long are you going for? — ¿por cuánto tiempo vas?, ¿cuánto tiempo te vas a quedar?
b) ( on the occasion of) parac) (by, before) para12) ( indicating distance)
II
conjunction (liter) pues (liter), puesto que (frml), porque -
18 BE
1. verb,Ex:we are — neg. (coll.) aren't; p.t. I was, neg. (coll.) wasn't, we were, neg. (coll.) weren't; pres. p. being; p.p. been copula/Ex:1) (indicating quality or attribute) seinshe is a mother/an Italian — sie ist Mutter/Italienerin
being a Frenchman, he likes wine — als Franzose trinkt er gern Wein
he is being nice to them/sarcastic — er ist nett zu ihnen/jetzt ist er sarkastisch
2) in exclamationwas she pleased! — war sie [vielleicht] froh!
aren't you a big boy! — was bist du schon für ein großer Junge!
3) will be (indicating supposition)[I dare say] you'll be a big boy by now — du bist jetzt sicher schon ein großer Junge
you'll be relieved to hear that — du wirst erleichtert sein, das zu hören
4) (indicating physical or mental welfare or state) sein; sich fühlenI am freezing — mich friert es
how are you/is she? — wie geht's (ugs.) /geht es ihr?
it is the 5th today — heute haben wir den Fünften
it is she, it's her — sie ist's
if I were you — an deiner Stelle
6) (indicating profession, pastime, etc.)be a teacher/a footballer — Lehrer/Fußballer sein
7) with possessiveit is hers — es ist ihrs; es gehört ihr
8) (cost) kostenhow much are the eggs? — was kosten die Eier?
9) (equal) seintwo times three is six, two threes are six — zweimal drei ist od. sind od. gibt sechs
sixteen ounces is a pound — sechzehn Unzen sind od. ergeben ein Pfund
10) (constitute) bildenLondon is not England — London ist nicht [gleich] England
11) (mean) bedeuten2. intransitive verb1) (exist) [vorhanden] sein; existierencan such things be? — kann es so etwas geben?; kann so etwas vorkommen?
I think, therefore I am — ich denke, also bin ich
there is/are... — es gibt...
be that as it may — wie dem auch sei
2) (remain) bleibenI shan't be a moment or second — ich komme gleich; noch eine Minute
she has been in her room for hours — sie ist schon seit Stunden in ihrem Zimmer
let him/her be — lass ihn/sie in Ruhe
3) (happen) stattfinden; seinwhere will the party be? — wo ist die Party?; wo findet die Party statt?
be off with you! — geh/geht!
I'm off or for home — ich gehe jetzt nach Hause
she's from Australia — sie stammt od. ist aus Australien
5) (on visit etc.) seinhave you [ever] been to London? — bist du schon einmal in London gewesen?
has anyone been? — ist jemand da gewesen?
6)she's been and tidied the room — (coll.) sie hat doch wirklich das Zimmer aufgeräumt
the children have been at the biscuits — die Kinder waren an den Keksen (ugs.)
3. auxiliary verbI've been into this matter — ich habe mich mit der Sache befasst
1) forming passive werden2) forming continuous tenses, activehe is reading — er liest [gerade]; er ist beim Lesen
I am leaving tomorrow — ich reise morgen [ab]
3) forming continuous tenses, passivethe house is/was being built — das Haus wird/wurde [gerade] gebaut
4) (expr. obligation)5) (expr. arrangement)the Queen is to arrive at 3 p.m. — die Königin soll um 15 Uhr eintreffen
6) (expr. possibility)7) (expr. destiny)8) (expr. condition)4.if I were to tell you that..., were I to tell you that... — wenn ich dir sagen würde, dass...
bride-/husband-to-be — zukünftige Braut/zukünftiger Ehemann
mother-/father-to-be — werdende Mutter/werdender Vater
* * *['bi: ɡi:]( abbreviation) (Bachelor of Engineering; first degree in Engineering.)* * *be<was, been>[bi:, bi]vi + n/adj1. (describes) seinshe's quite rich/ugly sie ist ziemlich reich/hässlichwhat is that? was ist das?she's a doctor sie ist Ärztinwhat do you want to \be when you grow up? was willst du einmal werden, wenn du erwachsen bist?you need to \be certain before you make an accusation like that du musst dir ganz sicher sein, bevor du so eine Anschuldigung vorbringst“may I \be of service Madam?” the waiter asked „kann ich Ihnen behilflich sein, gnädige Frau?“ fragte der Kellnerto \be able to do sth etw tun können, in der Lage sein, etw zu tunto \be from a country/a town aus einem Land/einer Stadt kommen2. (composition) sein, bestehen ausis this plate pure gold? ist dieser Teller aus reinem Gold?3. (opinion)4. (calculation) sein, machen, kostentwo and two is four zwei und zwei ist vierthese books are 50p each diese Bücher kosten jeweils 50p5. (timing)to \be late/[right] on time zu spät/[genau] rechtzeitig kommenthe keys are in that box die Schlüssel befinden sich in der Schachtelthe food was on the table das Essen stand auf dem Tischhe's not here er ist nicht dato \be in a bad situation/trouble in einer schwierigen Situation/Schwierigkeiten seinthe postman hasn't been yet der Briefträger war noch nicht daI've never been to Kenya ich bin noch nie in Kenia gewesen8. (take place) stattfindenthe meeting is next Tuesday die Konferenz findet am nächsten Montag statt9. (do) seinto \be on benefit [or AM welfare] Sozialhilfe bekommen [o SCHWEIZ beziehen], Sozialhilfeempfänger/Sozialhilfeempfängerin seinto \be on a diet auf Diät seinto \be on the pill die Pille nehmento \be on standby/on holiday in [Ruf]bereitschaft/im Urlaub sein▪ to \be up to sth etw im Schild[e] führenlet her \be! lass sie in Ruhe!to \be or not to \be, that is the question Sein oder Nichtsein, das ist die Fragethere is/are... es gibt...can it [really] \be that...? ( form) ist es [tatsächlich] möglich, dass...?is it that...? ( form) kann es sein, dass...?12. (expresses ability)sth is to \be done etw kann getan werdenthe exhibition is currently to \be seen at the City Gallery die Ausstellung ist zurzeit in der Stadtgalerie zu besichtigen13.▪ to not \be to do sth etw nicht dürfenwhat are we to do? was sollen wir tun?you're to sit in the corner and keep quiet du sollst dich in die Ecke setzen und ruhig sein14.we are to visit Australia in the spring im Frühling reisen wir nach Australien; (expresses future in past)she was never to see her brother again sie sollte ihren Bruder nie mehr wiedersehen; (in conditionals)if I were you, I'd... an deiner Stelle würde ich...if he was to work harder, he'd get better grades wenn er härter arbeiten würde, bekäme er bessere Notenwere sb to do sth,... ( form) würde jd etw tun,...were I to refuse, they'd be very annoyed würde ich mich weigern, wären sie äußerst verärgert15. (impersonal use)what is it? was ist?what's it to \be? (what are you drinking) was möchten Sie trinken?; (please decide now) was soll es denn [nun] sein?it is only fair for me es erscheint mir nur fairis it true that you were asked to resign? stimmt es, dass man dir nahegelegt hat, dein Amt niederzulegen?it's not that I don't like her — it's just that we rarely agree on anything es ist nicht so, dass ich sie nicht mag — wir sind nur selten einer Meinungas it were sozusagen, gleichsam\be quiet or I'll...! sei still oder ich...!\be yourself! sei du selbst! [o ganz natürlich!17. (expresses continuation)▪ to \be doing sth gerade etw tundon't talk about that while I'm eating sprich nicht davon, während ich beim Essen binshe's studying to be a lawyer sie studiert, um Rechtsanwältin zu werdenit's raining es regnetyou're always complaining du beklagst dich dauernd18. (expresses passive)to \be asked/pushed gefragt/gestoßen werdento \be be discovered by sb von jdm gefunden werdento \be left an orphan als Waise zurückbleibento \be left speechless sprachlos sein19.▶ the \be-all and end-all das Ein und Alles [o A und O]▶ far \be it from sb to do sth nichts liegt jdm ferner, als etw zu tun▶ to \be off form nicht in Form sein▶ the joke is on sb jd ist der Dumme▶ \be that as it may wie dem auch sei\be off with you! go away! geh! hau ab! fam* * *[biː] pres am, is, are, pret was, were, ptp been1. COPULATIVE VERB1) with adjective, noun, pronoun seinwho's that? – it's me/that's Mary — wer ist das? – ich bins/das ist Mary
he is a soldier/a German — er ist Soldat/Deutscher
he wants to be a doctor — er möchte Arzt werden Note that the article is used in German only when the noun is qualified by an adjective.
he's a good student/a true Englishman — er ist ein guter Student/ein echter Engländer
2)referring to physical, mental state
how are you? — wie gehts?she's not at all well — es geht ihr gar nicht gut
to be hungry/thirsty — Hunger/Durst haben, hungrig/durstig sein
I am hot/cold/frozen — mir ist heiß/kalt/eiskalt
3) age seinhow old is she? —
4) = cost kostentwo times two is or are four — zwei mal zwei ist or sind or gibt vier
6) with possessive gehören (+dat)that book is your brother's/his — das Buch gehört Ihrem Bruder/ihm, das ist das Buch Ihres Bruders/das ist sein Buch
7)was he pleased to hear it! — er war vielleicht froh, das zu hören!but wasn't she glad when... — hat sie sich vielleicht gefreut, als...
8) Brit infhow are you for a beer? — hast du Lust auf ein Bier?
2. AUXILIARY VERB1)Note how German uses the simple tense:what are you doing? — was machst du da?they're coming tomorrow — sie kommen morgen Note how German uses the present tense:
you will be hearing from us — Sie hören von uns, Sie werden von uns hören Note the use of bei + infinitive:
we're just drinking coffee —
I was packing my case when... — ich war gerade beim Kofferpacken, als...
2) in passive constructions werdenhe was run over — er ist überfahren worden, er wurde überfahren
it is/was being repaired — es wird/wurde gerade repariert
I will not be intimidated — ich lasse mich nicht einschüchtern __diams; to be/not to be...
they are shortly to be married — sie werden bald heiraten
she was to be/was to have been dismissed but... — sie sollte entlassen werden, aber.../sie hätte entlassen werden sollen, aber...
he is to be pitied/not to be envied —
what is to be done? — was ist zu tun?, was soll geschehen?
I wasn't to tell you his name — ich sollte or durfte Ihnen nicht sagen, wie er heißt; (but I did) ich hätte Ihnen eigentlich nicht sagen sollen or dürfen, wie er heißt
he was not to be persuaded — er war nicht zu überreden, er ließ sich nicht überreden
if it were or was to snow — falls or wenn es schneien sollte
3)in tag questions/short answers
he's always late, isn't he? – yes he is — er kommt doch immer zu spät, nicht? – ja, das stimmtyou're not ill, are you? – yes I am/no I'm not — Sie sind doch nicht (etwa) krank? – doch!/nein
it's all done, is it? – yes it is/no it isn't — es ist also alles erledigt? – ja/nein
3. INTRANSITIVE VERB1) sein; (= remain) bleibenI'm going to Berlin – how long will you be there? — ich gehe nach Berlin – wie lange wirst du dort bleiben?
he is there at the moment but he won't be much longer — im Augenblick ist er dort, aber nicht mehr lange
we've been here a long time —
let me/him be — lass mich/ihn (in Ruhe)
3)= visit, call
I've been to Paris — ich war schon (ein)mal in Parishe has been and gone — er war da und ist wieder gegangen
I've just been and (gone and) broken it! — jetzt hab ichs tatsächlich kaputt gemacht (inf)
4)= like to have
who's for coffee/tee/biscuits? — wer möchte (gerne)Kaffee/Tee/Kekse?here is a book/are two books — hier ist ein Buch/sind zwei Bücher
there he was sitting at the table — da saß er nun am Tisch
4. IMPERSONAL VERBseinit is dark/morning — es ist dunkel/Morgen
tomorrow is Friday/the 14th of June — morgen ist Freitag/der 14. Juni, morgen haben wir Freitag/den 14. Juni
it is 5 km to the nearest town — es sind 5 km bis zur nächsten Stadt
who found it —
it was me or I (form) who said it first — ICH habe es zuerst gesagt, ich war derjenige, der es zuerst gesagt hat
were it not for the fact that I am a teacher, I would... —
were it not for him, if it weren't or wasn't for him — wenn er nicht wäre
* * *BE abk* * *1. verb,Ex:we are — neg. (coll.) aren't; p.t. I was, neg. (coll.) wasn't, we were, neg. (coll.) weren't; pres. p. being; p.p. been copula/Ex:she is a mother/an Italian — sie ist Mutter/Italienerin
being a Frenchman, he likes wine — als Franzose trinkt er gern Wein
he is being nice to them/sarcastic — er ist nett zu ihnen/jetzt ist er sarkastisch
2) in exclamationwas she pleased! — war sie [vielleicht] froh!
3) will be (indicating supposition)[I dare say] you'll be a big boy by now — du bist jetzt sicher schon ein großer Junge
you'll be relieved to hear that — du wirst erleichtert sein, das zu hören
4) (indicating physical or mental welfare or state) sein; sich fühlenhow are you/is she? — wie geht's (ugs.) /geht es ihr?
it is she, it's her — sie ist's
6) (indicating profession, pastime, etc.)be a teacher/a footballer — Lehrer/Fußballer sein
7) with possessiveit is hers — es ist ihrs; es gehört ihr
8) (cost) kosten9) (equal) seintwo times three is six, two threes are six — zweimal drei ist od. sind od. gibt sechs
sixteen ounces is a pound — sechzehn Unzen sind od. ergeben ein Pfund
10) (constitute) bildenLondon is not England — London ist nicht [gleich] England
11) (mean) bedeuten2. intransitive verb1) (exist) [vorhanden] sein; existierencan such things be? — kann es so etwas geben?; kann so etwas vorkommen?
I think, therefore I am — ich denke, also bin ich
there is/are... — es gibt...
2) (remain) bleibenI shan't be a moment or second — ich komme gleich; noch eine Minute
let him/her be — lass ihn/sie in Ruhe
3) (happen) stattfinden; seinwhere will the party be? — wo ist die Party?; wo findet die Party statt?
4) (go, come)be off with you! — geh/geht!
I'm off or for home — ich gehe jetzt nach Hause
she's from Australia — sie stammt od. ist aus Australien
5) (on visit etc.) seinhave you [ever] been to London? — bist du schon einmal in London gewesen?
6)3. auxiliary verbshe's been and tidied the room — (coll.) sie hat doch wirklich das Zimmer aufgeräumt
1) forming passive werden2) forming continuous tenses, activehe is reading — er liest [gerade]; er ist beim Lesen
I am leaving tomorrow — ich reise morgen [ab]
the train was departing when I got there — der Zug fuhr gerade ab, als ich ankam
3) forming continuous tenses, passivethe house is/was being built — das Haus wird/wurde [gerade] gebaut
4) (expr. obligation)5) (expr. arrangement)the Queen is to arrive at 3 p.m. — die Königin soll um 15 Uhr eintreffen
6) (expr. possibility)7) (expr. destiny)8) (expr. condition)4.if I were to tell you that..., were I to tell you that... — wenn ich dir sagen würde, dass...
bride-/husband-to-be — zukünftige Braut/zukünftiger Ehemann
mother-/father-to-be — werdende Mutter/werdender Vater
* * *(in a state of) shock expr.einen Schock haben ausdr. (left) stranded expr.auf dem trockenen sitzen ausdr.aufgeschmissen sein ausdr. (on a) level with expr.auf dem gleichen Niveau stehen wie ausdr.auf gleicher Höhe sein mit ausdr.genauso hoch sein wie ausdr. v.(§ p.,p.p.: was, were, been)= sein v.(§ p.,pp.: war, ist gewesen)sich befinden v.sich fühlen v. -
19 be
bi: гл.
1) иметь место как факт, существовать, случаться а) существовать как факт в объективной реальности быть;
быть живым, жить Tyrants and sycophants have been and are. ≈ Тираны и стукачи были и есть. So much that was not is beginning to be. ≈ Так много из того, чего раньше не было, входит в нашу жизнь. б) в выражении there + личная форма от to be иметься, наличествовать There are photographs and photographs. ≈ Бывают фотографии и фотографии. в) возникать, происходить, случаться, быть совершаемым Be it as it may. ≈ Как бы там ни было. When is the wedding to be? ≈ На когда намечена свадьба, когда будет свадьба? The flower-show was last week. ≈ На прошлой неделе была выставка цветов. г) иметь место( о совокупности условий), являться Being they are Church-men, we may rather suspect... ≈ Имея в виду, что они священники, можно подозревать... д) сохраняться в предыдущем состоянии, не меняться, продолжать быть, как раньше Let me be! ≈ Оставьте меня в покое( оставьте меня, как я есть) ! You have been rather long about it. ≈ Вы слишком много времени на это потратили (вы находились слишком долго в процессе производства этого дела)
2) с наречием или предложным оборотом, обозначающим какое-л. обстоятельство а) занимать какое-л. место, положение;
принимать какую-л. позу или позицию;
находиться в каком-л. состоянии You are just where you was. ≈ Вы все там же. Again the love-fit is on him. ≈ Он снова влюбился (он снова в состоянии любви) Your book is here, under the table. ≈ Да вот твоя книжка, под столом. б) отправляться куда-л., находиться где-л. с целью что-л. сделать;
с последующим инфинитивом I was this morning to buy silk for a nightcap. ≈ Мне этим утром было нужно сходить купить шелка на ночную шапочку. I had been to see Irving that night. ≈ Я в ту ночь был в гостях у Ирвинга. have been and gone and done в) находиться в таких-то обстоятельствах, в таком-то настроении или положении Proposals that have been under deliberation. ≈ Предложения, которые рассматривались. Content to be and to be well. ≈ Он доволен, что жив, и что у него все неплохо. г) принадлежать кому-л., относиться к чему-л Well is him that hath found prudence. ≈ Благо тому, кто стал благоразумен.
3) роль связки в составном сказуемом а) занимать место на определенной шкале, иметь один из набора некоторых признаков I am weary, weary, I would that I were dead. ≈ Я такая измученная, такая измученная, я бы лучше умерла. He was of Memphis. ≈ Он был из Мемфиса. Only by being man can we know man. ≈ Только будучи людьми мы можем познать человека. б) быть известным под таким-то именем, быть кем-л., обозначаемым как-л. Let thinking be reasoning. ≈ Будем считать, что мышление это разъяснение. State is me. ≈ Государство это я. в) означать, значить;
быть эквивалентным чему-л. To fall was to die. ≈ Упасть означало умереть. I'll tell you what it is, you must leave. ≈ Я тебе скажу, в чем дело - тебе уходить пора. г) иметь значение, быть значимым;
заботить, беспокоить Is it nothing to you, all ye that pass by? ≈ Что же, те, кто идет мимо, ничто для тебя?
4) с причастиями и инфинитивами;
служит вспомогательным глаголом и образует аналитические временные формы а) с причастием прошедшего времени;
для переходных глаголов образует пассив, для непереходных - времена перфектной серии The political aspect of the subject has not been approached. ≈ Политический аспект проблемы до сих пор не рассматривался. Therefore I am returned. ≈ И поэтому я вернулся. His parents were grown old. ≈ Его родители состарились. б) с причастием настоящего времени;
образует времена серии continious, в залоге как активном, так и пассивном He was talking of you. ≈ Он говорил о тебе. We stayed there while our house was building. ≈ Мы жили там, пока строился наш дом (редко в современном языке из-за двусмысленности). A man who is being strangled. ≈ Человек, которого душат (в данный момент, или в любой другой момент, подаваемый рассказчиком как протекающий "сейчас") в) с инфинитивом, как активным, так и пассивным, в значении "положено, надо" They are not to compare with these. ≈ Эти не подлежат сравнению с теми. Not a Good Samaritan being to be found. ≈ И нельзя было отыскать ни одного "доброго самаритянина". г) с инфнитивом, в сослагательном наклонении If I were to propose, would you accept? ≈ Если бы я сделал тебе предложение, ты бы согласилась?
5) в выражениях типа Monday was one week (где вместо Monday может стоять любое указание на фиксированный момент времени, а вместо one week - любое указание на временной промежуток) такое-то время назад( личная форма глагола может быть также опущена) Did there come no young woman here Friday was a fortnight? ≈ Вы уверены, что две недели назад в пятницу сюда не приезжала некая девушка? I was in London Monday three weeks. ≈ Я приехал в Лондон в понедельник три недели назад. ∙ be better be best - be at - be forбыть, существовать - I think, therefore I am я мыслю, следовательно, я существую - the greatest genius that ever was величайший гений, который когда-либо существовал - to be no more (возвышенно) скончаться, умереть;
прекратить существование - Troy is no more Трои больше не существует - to be, or not to be - that is the question (Shakespeare) быть или не быть, вот в чем вопрос быть, находиться;
присутствовать;
пребывать - he will be here all the year он будет (находиться) здесь весь год - is he often in town? часто ли он бывает в городе? - I was before you in the queue я стоял перед вами в очереди - the horse was below in the hold лошадь поместили в трюме - he was at the ceremony он присутствовал на церемонии - the key is in the lock ключ( находится) в замке - I'll be down in a minute я сейчас спущусь - output is considerably below last year's level выпуск продукции намного ниже прошлогоднего /значительно ниже прошлогоднего, значительно упал по сравнению с прошлогодним/ быть, оставаться - don't be long! не задерживайся!, приходи скорее! - what a time you have been! как ты долго! - he was a long time reaching the shore ему понадобилось много времени, чтобы достичь берега происходить, случаться, совершаться - it was yesterday это было /произошло, случилось, состоялось/ вчера - when is the wedding to be? когда должна состояться /будет/ свадьба? - the New Year is on Sunday this time в этот раз Новый год приходится /падает/ на воскресенье - how is that you were there? как получилось, что вы оказались там? равняться, составлять - twice two is four дважды два - четыре - let x be ten предположим, (что) x равняется десяти (разговорное) стоить - how much is it? сколько это стоит? - what are these shoes? сколько стоят эти ботинки? - this book is five shillings эта книга стоит пять шиллингов значить, стоить - it is nothing to me мне это ничего не стоит, для меня это ничего не составляет /не значит/ - what is all that to me? что мне все это? какое мне до этого дело? (возвышенно) сопутствовать( в восклицательных предложениях как пожелание) - success (be) to your efforts! желаю успеха в ваших начинаниях!, да сопутствует вам удача! - victory be yours! желаю (вам) победы! there is имеется, есть - there are many English books in our library в нашей библиотеке (имеется) много английских книг - there is plenty of time времени вполне достаточно, еще есть масса времени - there are no roads дорог нет - there will be dancing будут танцы - there was once an old man... жил-был однажды старик... to have been посещать, бывать - has he been to London? он бывал в Лондоне? - I've been there! я там был!;
(разговорное) это мне известно! to have been (разговорное) заходить, быть - has anyone been? кто-нибудь заходил?, был кто-нибудь? - has the post been? была ли почта? to be at smth. (разговорное) намереваться сделать или сказать что-л. - I don't understand what exactly he is at я не понимаю, что именно он хочет сказать - what would you be at? каковы ваши намерения? to be at smth. (разговорное) нападать, набрасываться на что-л. - the mice are at the cheese again мыши опять добрались до сыра to be at smth.(разг) брать без спроса - he's been at my shaving things again он опять брал (без спроса) мои бритвенные принадлежности to be at smb. (разговорное) приставать к кому-л. - she's always at me она всегда меня пилит to be above smth. /doing smth./ быть выше чего-л., не опускаться до чего-л. - to be above suspicion быть выше /вне/ подозрений - to be above criticism быть выше всякой критики, быть безупречным - he is above reproach его не за что упрекнуть - he is above such matters он такими делами не занимается, он до такого( дела) не унизится - he is above taking bribes брать взятки - ниже его достоинства to be beneath smth., smb. быть ниже чего-л., кого-л. - to be beneath contempt не заслуживать (даже) презрения - it is beneath you /your dignity/ это ниже вашего достоинства to be beyond smth., smb. быть за пределами чего-л., возможностей кого-л. - his behaviour is beyond my endurance я не могу больше терпеть его поведение - he is not beyond redemption он еще может исправиться - this is beyond a joke это уже не шутка - it was beyond expectation такого нельзя было ожидать, на такое нельзя было надеяться - I am beyond caring мне уже все равно - what you say is beyond me мне совершенно непонятно то, что ты говоришь to be abreast of smth. быть в курсе чего-л. - he is abreast of developments in his field он в курсе последних достижений в своей области to be after smth. преследовать, пытаться поймать кого-л. - the police were after him полиция преследовала его to be after smth. покушаться на что-л., стремиться завладеть чем-л. - he's after my job он метит на мое место - he's after her money он охотится за ее деньгами to be about to do smth. собираться, намереваться сделать что-л. - he was about to send for you он собирался послать за вами - she was about to speak, but changed her mind она хотела было заговорить, но передумала to be against smth. противоречить чему-л., идти вразрез с чем-л. - lying is against my principles не в моих правилах врать to be for smth. стоять или быть за - who is for going home? кто за то, чтобы идти домой? to be for some place отправляться, ехать куда-л. - are you for Bristol? вы едете в Бристоль? to be on smb. (разговорное) быть оплаченным кем-л. - put your money away, it's on me убери деньги, я угощаю - the drinks are on the house хозяин( бара, ресторана и т. п.) угощает - the tickets are on me я плачу за билеты to be on smb. внезапно наступить, подоспеть( о праздниках, выборах и т. п.) - the wet season was on us неожиданно на нас обрушился сезон дождей - Christmas was on us наступило рождество to be on smth. входить в состав, быть членом (комиссии и т. п.) - he is on the board он входит в состав правления to be on smb., smth. быть поставленным на кого-л., что-л. - my money is on this horse я поставил на эту лошадь to be up to smth. замышлять, затевать что-л. - the boys are up to smth. мальчики что-то затевают - he is up to no good он затевает что-то скверное, от него хорошего не жди to be up to smth. быть осведомленным о чем-л. - the police must be up to all the dodges полиции должно быть известно обо всех уловках not to be up to (doing) smth. не быть в состоянии сделать что-л., не справиться с чем-л. - I am not up to going to the theatre tonight я не в состоянии пойти сегодня вечером в театр - he is not up to his job он не справляется со своей работой - he is not up to his father as a scholar как ученый он значительно уступает (своему) отцу to be up to smb. быть возложенным на кого-л. (об ответственности) ;
зависеть от кого-л. - it is up to him to decide от него зависит решение, он должен решить - it is up to you to choose вы выбираете /решаете/ - whether you learn or not is entirely up to you учиться или нет - твое дело to be up against smth., smb. столкнуться с чем-л., кем-л.;
встретить отпор - he's up against some real opposition он будет иметь дело с сильной оппозицией - he's up against it( разговорное) он столкнулся с большими трудностями to be up for smth. возникать, рассматриваться( о вопросе и т. п.) - to be up for review пересматриваться - to be up for debate обсуждаться, быть поставленным на обсуждение to be up for smth. рассматривать в суде, судить - he was up in court for this его за это судили to be up for smth. предназначаться к продаже - to be up for auction продаваться на аукционе /с молотка/ to be up for smth. быть выдвинутым кандидатом, быть претендентом - he's up for admission to the society at the next meeting его будут принимать в кружок на следующем собрании to be with smb. поддерживать кого-л. - we're with you all the way мы пойдем с тобой до конца - she is at one with her husband она заодно со (своим) мужем to be with smb. понимать, следить за тем, что говорят - are you still with me - or shall I go over it again? ты следишь за ходом моей мысли или мне повторить еще раз? to be with smb., smth. работать у кого-л., где-л. (по найму) - I'm with a shipping firm я работаю в транспортной фирме как глагол-связка: быть - he is a teacher он учитель - are they English? они англичане? - ten yards is a lot десять ярдов - это очень много - his is a fine house его дом чудесный, у него прекрасный дом - our task is to finish the work in time наша задача - вовремя кончить работу - she has been a mother to me она мне была вместо матери - she is twenty ей двадцать лет - today is the tenth сегодня десятое (число) - tomorrow is Friday завтра пятница - the wall is six foot high стена имеет шесть футов в высоту - what is it? что это?;
в чем дело? - to see things as they are видеть вещи такими, какие они есть - if I were you... если бы я был на вашем месте... - seeing is believing увидеть - (это) значит убедиться /поверить/ находиться в (каком-л.) состоянии;
чувствовать, ощущать( что-л.) - I am cold мне холодно - he is asleep он спит - he is glad он рад - he is absent он отсутствует - he is in trouble он попал в беду, у него неприятности - he is at work он работает - isn't he lucky? везет же ему! с последующим инфинитивом выражает долженствование, обусловленное договоренностью, планом - he is to come at six он должен прийти в шесть (часов) - he was to come at six он должен был прийти в шесть - he was to have come at six он должен был прийти в шесть (но не пришел) - when am I to come? когда мне приходить?, когда мне нужно прийти? - the house is to let дом сдается в аренду - he was never to see her again ему больше никогда не суждено было ее увидеть - it was not to be этому не суждено было сбыться /осуществиться/ - they are not to be trusted им нельзя доверять - such men are to be pitied rather than despised таких людей надо не презирать, а жалеть с последующим инфинитивом выражает возможность - he was nowhere to be found его нигде нельзя было найти /отыскать/ - not a cloud was to be seen не видно было ни облачка - how am I to get through all this work today? как я смогу справиться со всей этой работой сегодня? с последующим инфинитивом выражает намерение, желание( в условных предложениях) - if we are to come in time, we must start at once если мы хотим прийти вовремя6 нам надо сразу отправляться (устаревшее) в сочетании с p.p. глаголов to come, to fall, to sit, to run, to get и др. - winter was come зима наступила - the sun was risen солнце встало в сочетании с pres.p. служит для образования длительной формы - he was talking to his son at the time в тот момент он беседовал с сыном - he is working он (сейчас) работает - this question is being discussed этот вопрос сейчас обсуждается в сочетании с p.p. переходных и ряда непереходных глаголов служит для образования пассивной формы - this was made by my son это было сделано моим сыном - they will be punished они будут наказаны, из накажут - such questions are settled by the committee такие вопросы решаются комитетом - he was asked to come его попросили прийти - this book was much spoken of об этой книге много говорили > to be above one /one's head/ (разговорное) быть выше чьего-л. понимания > to be at it шалить, проказничать > the children are at it again дети опять принялись за свое > to be hard at it /at work/ (разговорное) быть очень занятым;
напряженно работать > they were hard at it /at work/ the whole night они работали изо всех сил всю ночь напролет > to be at one with smb. быть с кем-л. заодно > to be beside oneself with grief потерять голову от горя > to be beside oneself with rage выйти из себя, разгневаться > to be beside the point не иметь отношения (к данному вопросу, делу и т. п.) > for the time being пока > the manager for the time being временно исполняющий обязанности заведующего > somebody will be in for кому-то попадет /влетит, нагорит/ > far be it from me to do this я вовсе не собираюсь /я далек от того, чтобы/ делать это > be (that) as it may как бы то ни было;
пусть будет что будет > let it be! оставь это в покое!, пусть все остается как есть! > so be it да будет так, пусть так и будет > how are you? как вы поживаете?;
как вы себя чувствуете? > you never know where you are with him никогда не знаешь, что он может сделать /как он поступит, как себя с ним вести, чего от него ждать/ - be yourself!, be your age! не глупи!, не валяй дурака! - you've been and gone and done it! (сленг) ну и наделали вы дел!, ну и натворили же вы! - I'll be! (американизм) (сленг) вот те на!, господи боже мой!, ну и ну! (восклицание, выражающее удивление)~ происходить, случаться;
admission exams are once a year in autumn приемные испытания проводятся один раз в год осенью~ находиться;
бывать;
where are my books? где мои книги?;
are you often in town? часто ли вы бываете в городе?;
I have never been to the Caucasus я никогда не был на Кавказе~ about быть занятым( чем-л.) ~ about быть на ногах, встать ~ about собираться (c inf.) ;
he is about to go он собирается уходить~ at намереваться;
what would you be at? каковы ваши намерения?~ at law соблюдать закон law: ~ суд, судебный процесс;
to be at law( with smb.) быть в тяжбе (с кем-л.) ;
to go to law подать в суд;
начать судебный процесс~ away = be off ~ away отсутствовать~ back вернуться~ for отправляться в ~ for стоять (за кого-л., что-л.)to ~ going собираться (с inf. часто придает значение будущего времени) ;
the clock is going to strike часы сейчас будут бить~ in быть дома to ~ in (smb.) быть свойственным, характерным (для кого-л.) ;
it is not in him to do such a thing это не в его натуре, на него это непохоже ~ in поспеть( о фруктах) ~ in прийти, прибыть( о поезде, пароходе и т. п.) ;
наступить (о времени года) ~ in прийти к власти( о политической партии) ;
the labour candidate is in кандидат лейбористской партии прошел на выборах ~ in (on smth.) участвовать( в чем-л.)to ~ of (a group, class, etc.) быть одним из (группы, класса и т. п.) ;
they knew he was not of them они распознали в нем чужого~ away = be off ~ off уходить;
the train is off поезд ушел off: ~ указывает на удаление, отделение: I must be off я должен уходить;
off you go!, be off!, get off!, off with you! убирайтесь!;
уходите!~ on идти (о спектакле) ;
what is on at the Bolshoi Theatre today? что идет в Большом театре сегодня? ~ on происходить on: to be ~ (to smb.) напасть на след( кого-л.) to be ~ (to smb.) придираться к комулибо to be ~ (to smb.) раскусить( кого-л.) to be ~ (to smb.) связаться( с кем-л.) (по телефону и т. п.)to ~ oneself быть самим собой to ~ oneself прийтив себя~ out не быть дома, в комнате out: to be ~ быть без сознания, потерять сознание;
out and about поправившийся после болезни she is ~ for compliments она напрашивается на комплименты;
to be out( with smb.) быть (с кем-л.) в ссоре, не в ладах~ up встать, подняться ~ up закончиться ~ up (to smth.) замышлять (что-л.) ;
how are you? здравствуйте!, как вы поживаете? ~ up повыситься в цене ~ up произойтиto ~ going собираться (с inf. часто придает значение будущего времени) ;
the clock is going to strike часы сейчас будут бить~ в составном именном сказуемом является глаголом-связкой: he is a teacher он учитель;
I am cold мне холодно~ about собираться (c inf.) ;
he is about to go он собирается уходить~ как модальный глагол с последующим инфинитивом означает долженствование, возможность, намерение: I am to inform you я должен вас известить;
he is to be there now он должен быть там сейчас~ up (to smth.) замышлять (что-л.) ;
how are you? здравствуйте!, как вы поживаете? how: ~ are you? как поживаете?;
how about..? как насчет..?;
how about going for a walk? не пойти ли нам погулять?~ стоить;
how mush is it? сколько это стоит?~ в составном именном сказуемом является глаголом-связкой: he is a teacher он учитель;
I am cold мне холодно cold: ~ холодный;
to be (или to feel) cold зябнуть, мерзнуть;
I am cold мне холодно~ как вспомогательный глагол служит для образования длительной формы: I am reading я читаю~ как модальный глагол с последующим инфинитивом означает долженствование, возможность, намерение: I am to inform you я должен вас известить;
he is to be there now он должен быть там сейчас~ находиться;
бывать;
where are my books? где мои книги?;
are you often in town? часто ли вы бываете в городе?;
I have never been to the Caucasus я никогда не был на КавказеI've been there разг. все это уже известно;
you've been (and gone) and done it разг. = ну и наделали вы делto ~ in (smb.) быть свойственным, характерным (для кого-л.) ;
it is not in him to do such a thing это не в его натуре, на него это непохоже~ in прийти к власти( о политической партии) ;
the labour candidate is in кандидат лейбористской партии прошел на выборахto let ~ оставлять в покое~ как вспомогательный глагол служит для образования пассива: such questions are settled by the committee подобные вопросы разрешаются комитетомto ~ of (a group, class, etc.) быть одним из (группы, класса и т. п.) ;
they knew he was not of them они распознали в нем чужого~ off уходить;
the train is off поезд ушел train: the ~ is off поезд уже отошел;
to make the train поспеть на поезд~ on идти (о спектакле) ;
what is on at the Bolshoi Theatre today? что идет в Большом театре сегодня?~ at намереваться;
what would you be at? каковы ваши намерения?~ находиться;
бывать;
where are my books? где мои книги?;
are you often in town? часто ли вы бываете в городе?;
I have never been to the Caucasus я никогда не был на КавказеI've been there разг. все это уже известно;
you've been (and gone) and done it разг. = ну и наделали вы дел -
20 look
look [lʊk]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. noun2. plural noun5. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. nouna. ( = glance) do you want a look? tu veux jeter un coup d'œil ?• and now for a quick look at the papers et maintenant, les grands titres de vos journaux► to have/take a look• take a look at this! regarde !• take a good look! regarde bien !• to take a long hard look at o.s. (psychologically) faire son autocritique• I just want to have a look round (in town) je veux simplement faire un tour ; (in a shop) je ne fais que regarderb. ( = expression) regard m• I told her what I thought and if looks could kill, I'd be dead (inf) je lui ai dit ce que je pensais et elle m'a fusillé du regardc. ( = search) to have a look for sth chercher qch• have another look! cherche bien !d. ( = appearance) air m• you can't go by looks(PROV) il ne faut pas se fier aux apparences2. plural nouna. ( = see, glance) regarder• look over there! regarde là-bas !• look! regarde !• look what a mess you've made! regarde le gâchis que tu as fait !• look who's here! (inf) regarde qui est là !• to look the other way ( = avert one's eyes) détourner le regard ; (figurative) fermer les yeux (fig) (PROV) look before you leap il faut réfléchir avant d'agir► to look + adverb/preposition• look here, we must discuss it first (inf) écoutez, il faut d'abord en discuter• look here, that isn't what I said! (inf) dites donc, ce n'est pas (du tout) ce que j'ai dit !• she looked into his eyes elle l'a regardé droit dans les yeux ; (romantically) elle a plongé son regard dans le sien• to look over sb's shoulder regarder par-dessus l'épaule de qn ; (figurative) être constamment sur le dos de qnb. ( = face) [building] donnerc. ( = search) chercherd. ( = seem) avoir l'air• how do I look? comment me trouves-tu ?• how does it look to you? qu'en pensez-vous ?• try to look as if you're glad to see them! essaie d'avoir l'air content de les voir !• it doesn't look as if he's coming on dirait qu'il ne va pas venir► to look + adjective/noun• how are you getting on with your autobiography? -- it's looking good comment avance ton autobiographie ? -- elle avance bien• it makes him look ten years older/younger ça le vieillit/rajeunit de dix ans• how pretty you look! comme vous êtes jolie !• what does he look like? comment est-il ?• it looks like salt ( = seems) on dirait du sel• look where you're going! regarde où tu vas !• look what you've done now! regarde ce que tu as fait !5. compounds• our team didn't have or get a look-in notre équipe n'a jamais eu la moindre chance de gagner[+ invalid, child, animal, plant] s'occuper de ; [+ one's possessions] prendre soin de ; [+ finances] gérer• look after yourself! (inf) prends soin de toi !• she's quite old enough to look after herself elle est assez grande pour se débrouiller (inf) toute seule• will you look after my bag for me? tu peux surveiller mon sac ?• I'm looking ahead at what might happen j'essaie d'imaginer ce qui pourrait se passer► look around intransitive verb regarder autour de soia. ( = observe) [+ person, object] regarder• just look at this mess! regarde un peu ce fouillis !• just look at you! (inf) regarde de quoi tu as l'air !• to look at him you would never think that... à le voir, on n'imaginerait pas que...b. ( = consider) [+ situation, problem] examinerc. ( = check) vérifier ; ( = see to) s'occuper de• will you look at the carburettor? pourriez-vous vérifier le carburateur ?d. ( = have in prospect) (inf) you're looking at a minimum of £65 ça va vous coûter 65 livres au minimum• they are looking at savings of $3 million les économies pourraient atteindre 3 millions de dollars► look away intransitive verb détourner les yeux ( from de ) ; (figurative) fermer les yeux• looking back, I'm surprised I didn't suspect anything avec le recul, je suis étonné de n'avoir rien soupçonné• to look back on sth ( = remember, evaluate) repenser à qch• when they look back on this match... lorsqu'ils repenseront à ce match...• we can look back over 20 years of happy marriage nous avons derrière nous 20 ans de bonheur conjugal► look behind intransitive verb regarder en arrière• don't look down or you'll fall ne regarde pas en bas, sinon tu vas tomber► look down on inseparable transitive verba. ( = despise) mépriserb. ( = overlook) dominer• the castle looks down on the valley le château domine la vallée► look for inseparable transitive verba. ( = seek) [+ object, work] chercher[+ event, meal, trip, holiday] attendre avec impatience• I look forward to the day when... j'attends avec impatience le jour où...• are you looking forward to your birthday? tu te réjouis pour ton anniversaire ?• I'm really looking forward to it je m'en réjouis à l'avance► look in intransitive verb regarder à l'intérieur• the doctor will look in again tomorrow le docteur repassera demain► look into inseparable transitive verb( = examine) examiner• there's obviously been a mistake. I'll look into it il y a dû y avoir une erreur. Je vais m'en occuper► look on• they just looked on while the raiders escaped ils ont regardé les bandits s'enfuir sans intervenira. ( = look outside) regarder dehorsb. ( = take care) faire attention• I told you to look out! je t'avais bien dit de faire attention !• look out! attention !• I've looked out the minutes of the meeting j'ai trouvé le procès-verbal de la réunion► look out for inseparable transitive verba. ( = look for) chercher ; ( = watch out for) [+ sth good] essayer de repérer ; [+ danger] se méfier deb. ( = look after) (inf) [+ person] s'occuper de[+ document, list] parcourir ; [+ goods, produce] inspecter ; [+ town, building] visiter ; [+ person] (quickly) jeter un coup d'œil à ; (slowly) regarder de la tête aux piedsa. ( = glance about) regarder (autour de soi)b. ( = search) chercherc. ( = look back) se retourner• don't look round! ne vous retournez pas !a. ( = scan) [+ mail] regarder ; (thoroughly) [+ papers, book] examiner ; (briefly) [+ papers, book] parcourirb. ( = revise) [+ lesson] réviser ; ( = re-read) [+ notes] relirec. ( = ignore) he just looked right through me (inf) il a fait comme s'il ne me voyait pas► look to inseparable transitive verba. ( = seek help from) se tourner vers• many sufferers look to alternative therapies de nombreux malades se tournent vers les médecines parallèlesb. ( = think of) penser àc. ( = seek to) chercher àa. ( = seek out) (inf) [+ person] passer voir• look me up the next time you are in London passez me voir la prochaine fois que vous serez à Londresb. (in reference book) [+ name, word] chercher[+ reference book] consulter( = admire) admirer* * *[lʊk] 1.1) ( glance) coup m d'œilto have ou take a look at something — jeter un coup d'œil à or sur quelque chose
to have ou take a good look at — fig examiner [quelque chose] soigneusement; lit regarder [quelque chose] de près
to have a look inside/behind something — regarder à l'intérieur de/derrière quelque chose
to have a look round — faire un tour de [house, town]
to have a look through — ( scan) chercher dans [archives, files]; parcourir [essay, report]
to take a long hard look at something — fig étudier sérieusement quelque chose
2) ( search)3) ( expression) regard ma look of sadness/anger — un regard triste/rempli de colère
he got some odd ou funny looks — on l'a regardé d'un drôle d'air
from the look on his face... — à son expression...
4) ( appearance) ( of person) air m; (of building, scenery) aspect mI like the look of him — il a l'air sympa (colloq)
by the look of him... — à le voir...
5) ( style) look (colloq) m2.looks plural noun3.to keep one's looks — rester beau/belle
transitive verb1) (gaze, stare) regarderto look somebody in the eye/in the face — regarder quelqu'un dans les yeux/en face
to look somebody up and down — ( appraisingly) regarder quelqu'un de haut en bas
2) ( appear)4.1) regarder ( into dans; over par-dessus)to look away — détourner le regard or les yeux
to look the other way — lit regarder ailleurs; fig fermer les yeux
I didn't know where to look — fig je ne savais plus où me mettre; ( in shop)
2) ( search) chercher, regarderto look down — parcourir [list]
3) (appear, seem) avoir l'air, paraîtreyou look good enough to eat! — tu es mignon/-onne à croquer! (colloq)
it looks to me as if ou like... (colloq) — j'ai l'impression que...
it looks likely that — il semble probable que (+ subj)
it looks certain that — il semble certain que (+ indic)
to look like somebody/something — ressembler à quelqu'un/quelque chose
you look like being the only man there — il y a de fortes chances pour que tu sois le seul homme présent
4) ( listen) écoute5) ( be oriented)5.to look north — [house, room] être orienté au nord
- looking combining formdistinguished-looking — [person] à l'air distingué
sinister-looking — [place] à l'aspect sinistre
Phrasal Verbs:- look at- look for- look in- look on- look out- look to- look up••if looks could kill... — il/elle etc m'a fusillé du regard
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